中圖分類號(hào):S661.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)08-1909-03
Abstract: Yanjinyu is a mid ripe apple variety bred through a cross between Honglu and Guanghui made i 2OO8 in Yantai Agricultural Science Research Institute of Shandong Province, China. It was initially selected due to its bright yellow surface and good quality of the fruit.After six years of continuous observation,it was finally selected in 2O2O and registered as anon major crop variety by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in 2O24. The Yanjinyu tree was vigrous, with a wide open posture, high bud burst rate,and moderate branching ability. One year old branches were gray brown in color. The leaves were dark green.The leaf edge was sharply serrated. The flower bud was red,the petal was oblong and separated in relative positions. In Yantai area,the initial flowering period of Yanjinyu was mid April, the peak flowering period was from 17 to 19,April,and the fruit development period was about 130 days.The fruit was eliptical in shape.The fruit shape index was O.95,and the average single fruitweight was 211.2g ;The fruit surface was smooth and rust freewith bright yellow color.The flesh was light yellow, crispy, juicyand,aromatic. The aftertaste was sweet; The peel hardness of the fruit was 9.8kg?cm-2 ,the soluble solids content was 14.8% , the titratable acid content was 0.22% , and the vitamin C content was 3.1mg?100g-1 . The quality was excellent. Yanjinyu was susceptible to branch ring spot disease and rot disease,moderately resistant to apple glomerella leaf spot and rust diseases,highly resistant to winter cold,and moderately resistant to frost during flowering period.The shelf life of the fruit was 1O-15 days.The fruits could be stored in cold store for2 months.The variety could be suitable for free bagging cultivation. Intensive cultivation with dwarf rootstock should be recommended.
Key words: Apple; New variety; Yanjinyu; Mid-maturing; Yellow
蘋(píng)果(MalusdomesticaBorkh.)為薔薇科蘋(píng)果屬多年生木本植物,與柑橘、香蕉、葡萄并稱世界四大水果,是一種老少皆宜的全營(yíng)養(yǎng)保健型水果。蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)在推進(jìn)農(nóng)民致富、鄉(xiāng)村產(chǎn)業(yè)振興方面發(fā)揮了重要作用,但長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),中國(guó)蘋(píng)果主栽品種結(jié)構(gòu)單一,以晚熟富士居多、早中熟蘋(píng)果品種占比較少,國(guó)外育成品種在中國(guó)栽培較多、國(guó)內(nèi)育成品種占比較少,紅色品種居多、黃綠色蘋(píng)果品種占比較少,不能滿足消費(fèi)市場(chǎng)對(duì)蘋(píng)果品種多樣化的需求。因此,山東省煙臺(tái)市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院蘋(píng)果育種團(tuán)隊(duì)一直致力于早中熟黃綠色優(yōu)良蘋(píng)果新品種的培育,先后培育出早熟的煙香玉、煙青玉,晚熟的煙香翠等。煙金玉是以從韓國(guó)引進(jìn)紅色大果紅露(Hongro)為母本,抗寒性、抗旱性強(qiáng)的觀花海棠光輝為父本常規(guī)雜交獲得的中熟黃色新品種。該品種果面亮黃色,果實(shí)大型,可免套袋栽培,滿足了蘋(píng)果產(chǎn)業(yè)省力化栽培的需求,豐富了蘋(píng)果品種在成熟期和果皮顏色方面的多樣性。
1選育過(guò)程
2008年春季在山東省煙臺(tái)市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院內(nèi),以紅露為母本、光輝為父本配置雜交組合,秋季獲得雜交種1030粒,2009年播種,2010年定植,2015年該品系開(kāi)始結(jié)果,表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異,2016年確定為優(yōu)系進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)調(diào)查研究。2024年通過(guò)農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部非主要農(nóng)作物品種登記[登記編號(hào):GPD蘋(píng)果(2024)370022],定名煙金玉(圖1),是一個(gè)極具推廣價(jià)值的中熟黃色蘋(píng)果新品種。
圖1黃色蘋(píng)果新品種煙金玉
Fig.1AnewyellowapplecultivarYanjinyu

2 主要性狀
2.1植物學(xué)特征
煙金玉樹(shù)勢(shì)強(qiáng)健,樹(shù)姿開(kāi)張,1年生枝條灰褐色,平均粗 8.0mm ,茸毛中多,平均節(jié)間長(zhǎng)度 2.6cm ;葉片深綠色,平均長(zhǎng) 8.5cm ,寬 5.0cm ,葉緣銳鋸齒,葉柄平均長(zhǎng) 2.1cm ;花蕾紅色,花瓣長(zhǎng)圓形,花瓣相對(duì)位置分離。
2.2 果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀
由表1可知,煙金玉果實(shí)橢圓形,果個(gè)較大,平均單果質(zhì)量 211.2g ,果形指數(shù)0.95,成熟期果面為亮黃色,光滑無(wú)銹、蠟質(zhì)厚、果粉少,果點(diǎn)小、稀疏,口感硬脆多汁,回味甘甜,可溶性固形物含量 (w ,后同) 14.8% 可滴定酸含量 0.22% ,維生素C含量 3.1mg?100g-1 ,果實(shí)硬度 9.8kg?cm-2 ,五心室,心室半開(kāi)。煙金玉比引進(jìn)的黃色品種維納斯黃金成熟期早兩個(gè)月,與同時(shí)期成熟的老品種金冠相比,果面更加光滑。
2.3生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果習(xí)性
煙金玉的幼樹(shù)生長(zhǎng)旺盛,易形成花芽,以中、短果枝結(jié)果為主,坐果率高且連續(xù)結(jié)果能力強(qiáng),無(wú)采前落果現(xiàn)象,可替代嘎拉作為富士、維納斯黃金、瑞雪、魯麗等品種的授粉樹(shù)進(jìn)行搭配種植,5年生喬化樹(shù)每公頃產(chǎn)量 43.5t 。
2.4 物候期
在山東煙臺(tái),煙金玉于3月中旬花芽萌動(dòng),4月初葉芽萌動(dòng),初花期4月12一15日,盛花期4月15—17日,終花期4月下旬,果實(shí)成熟期在9月5一10日,果實(shí)發(fā)育期130d左右,成熟期比母本晚10d左右。
表1煙金玉與親本及同類品種果實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀比較
Table1Comparison of economic characters among Yanjinyu,its parents and Golden Delicious

2.5 抗逆性
抗性鑒定結(jié)合田間試驗(yàn)觀察,煙金玉易感枝干輪紋病和腐爛病,中抗炭疽葉枯病和銹病,越冬抗寒性好,抗花期霜凍能力一般。
3栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 適宜種植區(qū)域
煙金玉適宜在山東、云南、陜西、新疆等蘋(píng)果適栽區(qū)栽培。
3.2 定植與整形
山地土壤貧瘠地區(qū)可采用喬砧寬行栽培,定植株行距 (3.0~3.5)m×4m ;土層厚度達(dá)到 60cm 以上、水肥條件較好的果園可采用矮砧栽培,砧木選擇M9、M26、G41等,定植株行距 (1.2~1.5)m×4m 。起壟栽培,采用自由紡錘形或高紡錘形整形。
3.3 花果、土肥水管理
應(yīng)及時(shí)疏花疏果,一般單花序留果不超過(guò)2個(gè),留果花序間距 10~15cm 。9月上旬果實(shí)采收后應(yīng)立即施肥,以提高樹(shù)體養(yǎng)分存儲(chǔ)。在幼果期、果實(shí)膨大期可追施適量葉面肥。行間可生草。
3.4 病蟲(chóng)害防治
由于煙金玉成熟時(shí)果面為黃色,無(wú)需套袋即可生產(chǎn)出表面光潔的優(yōu)質(zhì)果,特別注意防治炭疽葉枯病、桃小食心蟲(chóng)和橘小實(shí)蠅,綜合利用化學(xué)、物理、生物防治措施。
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