



[關鍵詞」轉移性結直腸癌;人表皮生長因子受體 2;高通量核苷酸序列分析;循環腫瘤 DNA;分子靶向治療[中圖分類號]R735.3 [文獻標志碼]A [文章編號] 2096-5532(2025)03-0465-05doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2025.61.072 [開放科學(資源服務)標識碼(OSID)][網絡出版]https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20250627.1107.004; 2025-06-2716:38:44
Research advances inHER2 in advanced metastaticcolorectal cancerZHAO Peipei,WANG Zhihai,LI Mingyue,SUN Shuolan,JUFang(Schoolof Clinical Medicine,Shandong Second Medical University,Weifang 261ooo,China)
[Abstract] Colorectal cancer is a common malignant tumor of the digestive tract,and about 20% of patients have distant me tastases at initial diagnosis,while 5% of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) cases are of the human epidermal growth factor receptor2(HER2)varianttype.HER2-positive mCRC patients who have failed standard treatmentcansignificantly benefit from HER2-targetedtherapy.Thisarticlereviewstherecentresearchadvancesindetectionmethods,diagnosticcriteriaprognosticsig nificance,andtargetedtherapiesforHER2inmCRC,inorder toprovideareferenceforHER2-relateddiagnosisandtreatmentin mCRC patients in clinical practice.
[Key words]metastatic colorectal cancer;humanepidermal growth factorreceptor 2;high-throughput nucleotide sequencing;circulating tumor DNA;molecular targeted therapy
結直腸癌(CRC)的發病率和死亡率分別位列全球常見惡性腫瘤的第3位和第2位,在我國的發病率和死亡率也持續攀升。盡管化療與靶向治療提升了CRC病人總生存率,但轉移性結直腸癌(
病人的5年總生存率仍低于20%[1] 。
病人的人表皮生長因子受體2(HER2)陽性率為 2%~5% ,HER2高表達可通過激活RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK通路,促進腫瘤進展[2]。2024年,美國國家綜合癌癥網絡指南(NCCN)推薦HER2陽性晚期mCRC病人三線治療中抗HER2治療方案包括德曲妥珠單抗(T-DXd)單藥、曲妥珠單抗聯合帕妥珠單抗、曲妥珠單抗聯合拉帕替尼或圖卡替尼[3]。目前,雖然有關
病人HER2的檢測方法、診斷標準、預測價值及抗HER2治療研究頗多,但觀點尚未統一,亟待深入探究。本文綜述了mCRC病人HER2的檢測方法、診斷標準、預后意義及靶向治療的研究進展。
1 HER2的分子生物學特性
HER2屬于表皮生長因子受體(EGFR)家族,是一種酪氨酸激酶受體蛋白,由配體結合區、跨膜區及酪氨酸激酶區
[收稿日期]2024-09-24;[修訂日期]2025-03-12[基金項目]國家自然科學基金資助項目(82072927)[第一作者]趙培培(1998-),女,碩士研究生。[通信作者]鞠芳(1972-),女,博士,主任醫師,碩士生導師。E-mail:jufangjufang@sina.com。
構成[4]。HER2僅有組成型激活構象[5]。HER2可激活多種下游信號通路,調控包括耐藥性在內的諸多生物學功能[]。HER2變異包括基因擴增、基因突變和蛋白過表達,以基因擴增最常見。研究表明,HER2變異是mCRC病人抗EGFR靶向治療的耐藥機制之一,其上調促進腫瘤進展。抗HER2治療對標準治療失敗mCRC病人意義重大,建議對
病人進行HER2檢測,助力晚期
病人后線治療方案的選擇。
2mCRC中HER2的檢測方法及陽性診斷標準
2.1 HER2的檢測方法
HER2陽性指其基因擴增或蛋白過表達,常用免疫組織化學法(IHC)、熒光原位雜交法(FISH)和原位顯色雜交法(CISH)進行檢測。研究顯示,約 32% 的HER2陽性mCRC病人存在部分點突變,無法通過IHC與FISH檢出[8]。因此,需探索更精準、靈敏的檢測手段,隨著分子生物學的發展,二代基因測序(NGS)、循環腫瘤DNA(ctDNA)檢測等技術可以快速檢測各類標本,且與FISH和IHC結果高度一致[9-10],為HER2檢測提供了新方法。
2.1.1NGS 20世紀7O 年代,SANGER團隊發明了基于末端終止法測序技術,后續發展出更高效的NGS技術。相比傳統的IHC、FISH,NGS能同時對眾多基因平行測序,全面精準測定HER2的基因拷貝數(GCN)及拷貝數變異(CNV),克服了傳統方法難以檢測部分點突變的局限。多項實體瘤研究表明,NGS與IHC/FISH測定HER2的GCN和CNV結果高度一致[11-14]。2024年1月,NCCN將NGS列為mCRC病人首選檢測手段,NGS的應用可降低病人治療成本,提高病人生存獲益。
2.1.2ctDNA檢測ctDNA是腫瘤細胞釋放人血的少量外周血游離DNA,疾病早期即出現甲基化,可用于實時病情監測[15-16]。ctDNA檢測通過液體活檢實現,彌補了傳統組織活檢有創且不易重復的缺陷。一項針對30例
病人的Ⅱ期研究顯示,曲妥珠單抗聯合帕妥珠單抗治療時,腫瘤組織和ctDNA檢測HER2陽性率分別為 90% 和 84% ,證實ctDNA檢測與IHC準確性相近[17]。ctDNA檢測有望成為HER2狀態檢測的重要手段。
2.2 mCRC中HER2陽性診斷標準
HER2在mCRC中的陽性診斷標準尚未完全統一。HERACLES試驗優化形成HERACLES標準,將
的HER2陽性定義為細胞強IHC染色 (3+)gt;50% 、細胞中度IHC染色 (2+) 且HER2擴增細胞數(HER2/ CEP17?2)gt; 50% 或細胞強IHC染色 (3+)gt;10% 且HER2擴增的細胞數 (HER2/CEP17gtrsim2)gt;10%[18-21] 。對于IHC染色 (2+) 的mCRC病人需FISH檢測明確,然而526PD-TRIUMPH研究與Mypathway研究對FISH檢測臨界值存有爭論。因此,亟需明確mCRC病人的HER2陽性診斷標準,使HER2陽性mCRC病人最大獲益。
3HER2與mCRC臨床病理特征和預后的相關性
3.1 HER2與mCRC臨床病理特征的關系
目前mCRC的HER2擴增率為 5%~8% ,過表達率為3%~5% ,突變率為 0.5%~2.0% 。研究發現,CRC不同部位HER2陽性率存在差異,局部晚期遠端結腸癌HER2擴增率高于近端結腸癌[22]。對 I~II 期QUASAR研究的1914例以及Ⅳ期FOCUS和PICCOLO研究的1342例mCRC病人的研究顯示[23], N 期病人HER2擴增的FISH檢測陽性率高于 I~II 期。有研究結果表明,HER2陽性mCRC病人原發腫瘤和遠處轉移灶HER2的表達水平相近[24-26],且腦轉移的發生率更高[27-29]。這提示HER2陽性率可能與腫瘤原發部位、分期及轉移相關,但目前研究較少且結論不一,需更多臨床數據驗證。
3.2 HER2對mCRC的預后意義
既往研究認為,HER2變異是mCRC的不良預后因素[30],但近期研究對此觀點存在爭議。RICHMAN等[23]對3256例HER2陽性mCRC病人的回顧性分析顯示,HER2陽性與陰性病人的中位無進展生存期(mPFS)以及中位總生存期 ΩmOS) 無顯著差異。另有研究也表明,HER2狀態與mCRC病人
及mPFS無顯著相關性[31]。可見,HER2變異與
預后關系尚不明確,亟需嚴謹的大規模臨床研究深入探究。
4mCRC病人HER2變異對抗EGFR靶向治療耐藥的預測作用
研究顯示,HER2擴增是mCRC病人抗EGFR靶向治療耐藥的預測因素之一[6]。一項回顧性研究納人1485 例mCRC病人,79例接受抗EGFR靶向治療的HER2陽性病人mPFS低于陰性病人(5.7個月vs7.0個月),提示HER2陽性病人對抗EGFR靶向治療反應差[32]。有研究表明,抑制HER2表達可逆轉腫瘤細胞對西妥昔單抗的耐藥性,且抗EGFR靶向治療可以提高mCRC病人的HER2擴增率[6,18]。雖然現有證據顯示HER2 擴增與抗EGFR療效呈負相關,但涉及的研究多為回顧性研究,結論或存在偏倚。臨床上,HER2擴增對抗EGFR靶向治療耐藥的預測價值仍不確定,亟待大樣本前瞻性隨機對照研究加以驗證。
5 mCRC中抗HER2治療研究
近年來,HER2成為惡性腫瘤靶向治療的熱門靶點,多種抗HER2藥物應用于臨床,尤其廣泛應用于乳腺癌和胃癌治療,也為HER2陽性mCRC病人帶來新希望。但是受HER2表達異質性[22]及腫瘤免疫微環境[33]等的影響,部分病人傳統抗HER2療效不佳。因此,抗HER2藥物聯合酪氨酸激酶抑制劑(TKI、免疫及抗體偶聯藥物(ADC)等新興療法應運而生,以顯著提升HER2陽性mCRC病人的療效,國內外相關藥物臨床研究正蓬勃開展(見表1)。
5.1 TKI
HERACLES-A研究納人32例標準治療失敗的HER2陽性
病人,末線治療使用曲妥珠單抗聯合拉帕替尼,客觀緩解率(ORR)達到 28% ,疾病控制率(DCR)達到69% 。2023年1月,美國食品藥品監督管理局批準圖卡替尼聯合曲妥珠單抗用于RAS野生型HER2陽性mCRC病人。在MOUNTAINEER研究中,84例HER2陽性RAS野生型
病人接受曲妥珠單抗聯合圖卡替尼后線治療,ORR為 38.1%
為8.2個月[35]。NCT04380012研究探討吡咯替尼聯合曲妥珠單抗用于HER2陽性mCRC病人的療效,納入2O例BRAF野生型
病人,ORR為22.2% ,DCR為 61.1%[36] 。這些研究均證實,HER2 陽性
病人能從TKI治療中獲益,顯示出HER2抑制劑的臨床價值。
5.2抗HER2單克隆抗體藥物
曲妥珠單抗與帕妥珠單抗是常用的抗HER2單克隆抗體藥物,多項研究探討二者聯用對HER2陽性mCRC病人的療效。MyPathwayⅡ期研究對57例標準治療失敗的HER2陽性
病人采用曲妥珠單抗聯合帕妥珠單抗雙靶治療,ORR 達 37%
為2.9個月[37]。TRIUMPHⅡ期研究納入18例HER2陽性
病人,給予雙靶治療,ORR為 35.3% ,DCR為 64.7%[17] 。在NCT02693535Ⅱ期研究中,28例HER2陽性難治性
病人接受雙靶治療,結果ORR為 25% ,DCR為 54%% 。正在招募受試者的
MOUNTAINEER-03研究是評估HER2陽性 mCRC雙靶治療效果的Ⅲ期隨機對照試驗。同時,雙特異性抗體藥物研究興起,其有望成為HER2陽性mCRC病人的新療法。如
ZW25兼具曲妥珠單抗和帕妥珠單抗結合位點,研究證實其對HER2陽性mCRC病人有抗腫瘤作用,且無嚴重毒副反應,抗腫瘤活性強于單一單抗[39]
表1目前在研HER2陽性CRC的臨床試驗

5.3抗HER2抗體偶聯藥物
ADC是由單抗通過偶聯鍵連接細胞毒性藥物分子構成,抗腫瘤特異性更高,為HER2陽性
病人治療帶來新希望。在DESTINY-CRCO1I期研究中,86例HER2陽性mCRC病人接受 6.4mg/kg 的T-DXd 治療,ORR達45.3%
為6.9個月[40]。DESTINY-CRC02Ⅱ期研究在此基礎上納入RAS突變型HER2陽性mCRC病人,降低T-DXd劑量至 5.4mg/kg ,發現療效不受影響,且安全性更高[41]。在HERACLES-B研究中,31例RAS/BRAF野生型HER2陽性
病人接受帕妥珠單抗聯合恩美曲妥珠單抗(T-DM1)治療,ORR為 9.7% ,DCR為 67.7%[42] 。T-DM1和T-DXd已分別于2020、2023年獲批應用于HER2陽性乳腺癌。多個靶向HER2的ADC藥物正處于研究階段,如NCT04513223I期研究納入的307例標準治療失敗的HER2陽性實體瘤病人接受SHR-A1811治療,DCR為59.9%[43] 。ZW49作為ZW25與微管聚合抑制劑的偶聯物,在臨床前模型中抗腫瘤活性強于T-DM1和T-DXd。ADC藥物在HER2陽性mCRC中展現出良好的應用前景。
5.4免疫療法
近年來,免疫治療發展迅速,HER2陽性mCRC的免疫治療備受關注。NCT00091286研究探討了HER2肽用于mCRC病人的療效,1O例病人中7例對HER2肽產生免疫應答,
為16個月[44]。抗HER2特異性嵌合抗原受體T細胞免疫療法(CAR-T)作為新型細胞免疫療法,在淋巴瘤和其他實體瘤研究中治療效果顯著。研究顯示,CAR-T在HER2陽性mCRC的人源腫瘤異種移植模型中的免疫治療效果更佳[45-47]。不過,HER2免疫療法能否使HER2 陽性mCRC病人獲益,仍有待更多Ⅱ/Ⅲ期臨床研究驗證。
6 小結與展望
HER2變異在mCRC中雖然少見,但是對HER2陽性mCRC病人后線治療意義重大,可顯著提升生存獲益。通過恰當方法及時檢出mCRC中的HER2陽性者尤為重要,當下ICH、FISH和NGS是主要檢測手段,液體活檢與ctDNA檢測前景可期。目前,國內外已有多種抗HER2藥物上市,多項相關新藥臨床研究也在進行中。未來,需優化HER2檢測時機與方法,加快新藥研發,探索聯合治療新策略,為HER2陽性mCRC病人的診療探索更多路徑。
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