Abstract:Pancreatogenicdiabetesisaspecialformofdiabetessecondarytopancreaticdiseases.Pancreatectomyisoneof the maincausesofpancreatogenicdiabetes,withthehighestincidencerateoservedafterdistalpancreatectomy.Duetothehigh misdiagnosisrateof pancreatogenicdiabetesandtheincreased iskof deathandreadmissioninpatients with pancreatogenic diabetescompared with thosewithtype2diabetes,earlyaccurateidentificationand diagnosisof pancreatogenicdiabetesareof greatimportanceforimprovingprognosis.Thisarticlesystematicallreviews theresearchadvances innew-onset diabetesafter distalpancreatectomyinersofepidemilogicalfeatures,riskfactors,pathopsilogicalmechanism,diagnosticiteriaad treatment strategies,in order to provide areferencefor clinical diagnosis,treatment,and scientific research.
Key Words:Pancreatectomy;Diabetes Mellitus;Risk Factors;Diagnosis;Therapeutics
Research funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China(82360585)
糖尿病是由代謝紊亂、自身免疫反應、遺傳因素、環境影響以及胰腺內分泌功能障礙等多種因素共同作用,導致胰島素分泌不足或功能異常,從而引起持續性高血糖的一類代謝性疾病[1]。根據國際糖尿病聯盟預測,截至2045年,全球20~79歲糖尿病患者總數將達7.832億[2]。在糖尿病分型中,胰源性糖尿病,即3c型糖尿病(type3cdiabetesmellitus,T3cDM),與急慢性胰腺炎、胰腺腫瘤、囊性纖維化、血色病等疾病及胰腺切除術密切相關。研究表明,歐美國家約 8%~9% 的糖尿病患者為T3cDM,其中 2%~3% 繼發于胰腺切除術[3]。胰腺術后新發糖尿病(new-onsetdiabetesmellitus,NODM)的發病率因手術方式而異。系統綜述和薈萃分析結果顯示,遠端胰腺切除術(distalpancreatectomy,DP)后 NODM發病率最高,其次是保留十二指腸的胰頭切除術、胰十二指腸切除術、胰腺中斷切除術及腫瘤剜除術[4]。這種差異可能與胰島細胞分布特征相關,胰腺體尾部胰島細胞密度約為頭部的2倍,可以解釋DP對血糖調控具有更顯著的影響[5]。DP是目前治療胰腺體、尾部良惡性病變的首選術式。隨著影像學技術進步,多發于胰腺體、尾部的良性病變(如導管內乳頭狀黏液性腫瘤)檢出率顯著提高[6],DP術后患者生存期獲得明顯提升,但DP術后NODM也日益受到關注。因此,術前準確識別NODM高危人群并制定個體化防治策略至關重要。本文系統總結DP術后NODM的流行病學特征、危險因素、病理生理機制及診療進展,以提升對DP術后NODM的認識,為臨床防治提供參考。
1DP術后NODM的發病率
目前,DP術后NODM的發病率尚無確切數據,綜合近年研究,其發生率在 5%sim50%[7] ,這一差異可能與隨訪時間、個體差異、遺傳因素以及術后并發癥等多種因素相關。表1匯總了近5年相關研究中報道的N0DM發病率數據。
表1近5年相關報道中的DP術后NODM發病率Table1 IncidenceofNODMafterDPinarticlespublishedin thelast5years

2DP術后NODM的危險因素
DP術后NODM的危險因素在不同患者中表現出顯著差異,這種差異可能源于個體特征和手術因素的多樣性[10,14]。現有研究將危險因素分為3類:不可改變危險因素、可改變危險因素和手術相關危險因素。
2.1不可改變危險因素年齡是NODM重要的不可改變危險因素之一。研究顯示,DP術后NODM患者的年齡顯著高于未發生NODM患者 (OR=1.03,Plt;0.001)[9] 。在 ≥38 歲的患者中,術后6個月的NODM發生率為 13.0% ,1年時為 19.9% ,2年時為 24.6% ,3年時為 30.2% ,5年時為 35.9% ,10年時達到 44.8%(Plt;0.001)[15] 。老年人群中NODM的發生率較高的原因可能與胰腺儲備減少導致胰腺功能減退,術后恢復較差等有關[9.16-17]。性別與NODM的關聯性尚存爭議,有報道顯示男性患者具有較高的NODM風險 (OR=1.32,Plt;0.001)[18] ,也有研究顯示女性患者更可能發展為 NODM(OR=5.19,Plt;0.003)[19] 車
2.2可改變危險因素術前的飲食習慣、吸煙和飲酒行為以及體質量指數被認為是NODM的可改變危險因素[19-22]。肥胖作為糖尿病的明確危險因素,其機制與糖耐量受損及胰島素抵抗密切相關[23]。術前體質量指數較高的患者,在DP術后更易出現內分泌功能損傷,提示肥胖患者術后發生NODM的風險更高。
2.3手術相關危險因素目前公認的手術相關危險因素包括胰腺切除范圍、術中出血量、脾切除、術中低血壓及術后胰瘺等[15.24-26]。其中,胰腺切除體積與NODM發生率呈正相關,多數研究支持胰腺切除體積越大、NODM發病率越高的觀點。但最近一項研究指出,雖然DP術后殘余胰腺體積減少將導致胰島素分泌功能下降,但這種變化與糖耐量異常及NODM的發生并無直接因果關系[10]
3DP術后NODM的發病機制
DP術后NODM的病理生理機制尚未完全明確,但主要涉及胰島β細胞和 ∝ 細胞功能異常、胰島素分泌障礙及殘余胰腺功能損傷等方面(圖1)。
3.1胰島 β 細胞數量減少,胰島素分泌量下降胰島素由分布于全胰腺的 β 細胞分泌,通過抑制肝糖異生和糖原分解、促進肝糖原合成,調節血糖水平[27]。由于β細胞主要富集于胰腺體尾部,DP術后即使非糖尿病患者也可能出現空腹胰島素和C肽水平降低[28]。研究發現,DP術后胰島 β 細胞數量減少的同時,其面積增大且ALDH1A3(乙醛脫氫酶1家族成員A3)表達上調。ALDH1A3在胰島中的高表達通常被視為β細胞功能衰竭的標志,這些改變共同促進了NODM的發生[29-30]
3.2胰島 ∝ 細胞數量減少 胰高血糖素主要由分布在胰腺體、尾部的 ∝ 細胞分泌[31]。在生理狀態下,胰高血糖素通過促進肝糖原分解和糖異生作用維持血糖穩態,構成重要的低血糖防御機制[27]。正常情況下,葡萄糖攝人可抑制胰高血糖素分泌以預防高血糖[32-33]。然而,DP術后患者對葡萄糖刺激的胰高血糖素抑制反應受損[34]。這種抑制缺陷聯合術后肝臟對胰高血糖素敏感性增強,可能在胰島素分泌不足的情況下協同導致高血糖狀態。
3.3殘余胰腺損傷研究表明,DP術中出血量增加及聯合脾切除術與NODM風險顯著相關。手術出血量與胰腺質地及病變區域血供密切相關,大量失血可誘發全身應激反應并導致殘余胰腺組織炎癥損傷[9]。此外,術中過量補液可能引起胰腺水腫和再灌注損傷[35],這些因素均可損害殘余胰腺的內分泌功能。動物實驗顯示,脾臟 Hoxl1+ 干細胞具有分化為胰島細胞的潛能[36-37]。發育生物學研究發現,脾臟間質組織源自胰腺間質,PTF1-p48 基因敲除小鼠雖缺乏外分泌胰腺,但其脾臟中存在功能性胰島并能維持正常血糖水平[38]。臨床研究證實,聯合脾切除的胰腺切除術患者較單純胰腺切除患者更易發生NODM[12,14,39]
圖1DP術后NODM的發病機制示意圖
Figure1 Schematic diagram of the pathogenesis ofNODMafterDP

3.4其他因素研究表明,炎癥相關細胞因子如IL-1β、TNF- α 和 IFN-γ 可抑制葡萄糖刺激的胰島素分泌[40]。高表達IL-1R和IL-1β的胰島細胞可促進β細胞凋亡[41]。臨床研究顯示,IL-1R、IL-1β和TNF- σ?α∝ 拮抗劑對2型糖尿病具有一定治療效果[42]。在DP術后胰瘺等慢性炎癥狀態下,升高會破壞胰島細胞中PDX-1(胰十二指腸同源框轉錄因子1)的正常定位[43],而特異性抑制 IFN-γ 可恢復PDX-1的核定位。此外,炎癥反應中表達的腎上腺髓質素和vanin-1可能在DP術后NODM的胰島功能調節中發揮重要作用[44]
4DP術后NODM的診斷
DP術后NODM的診斷目前尚未形成國際統一標準,但基于最新研究和臨床實踐可歸納以下核心診斷要素[45]。(1)血糖標準:需符合現行糖尿病診斷指南,基于術后血糖異常(空腹血糖 ?7.0mmol/L 或隨機血糖≥11.1mmol/L等);(2)胰腺外分泌功能評估:通過糞便彈性蛋白酶-1檢測或直接功能試驗確認外分泌胰腺功能不全[46];(3)影像學檢查:采用超聲內鏡、MRI或CT評估胰腺結構及殘余功能;(4)自身免疫標志物排除:需檢測谷氨酸脫羧酶抗體等以排除1型糖尿病;(5)輔助指標:包括β細胞功能受損(如C肽水平降低)、腸促胰島素效應減弱、脂溶性維生素(A/D/E/K)缺乏等[19.47];(6)臨床特征整合:需綜合評估年齡、體質量指數、胰腺切除范圍、術中失血量及脾切除史等手術相關因素。由于缺乏特異性生物學標志物,NODM的確診需結合胰腺嚴重損傷或切除病史,并排除其他糖尿病類型。診斷過程應整合動態血糖監測、胰腺功能檢測及影像學結果,以實現精準識別和個體化管理。
5DP術后NODM的治療
DP術后NODM的治療需采取多學科協作模式,重點解決胰腺外分泌功能不全和營養管理等關鍵問題[48]雖然T3cDM被歸類為繼發性糖尿病,但其治療方案應基于個體病理生理特征進行優化[49]。胰島素治療目前仍是T3cDM的標準療法,其優勢在于對營養不良患者的合成代謝作用。然而,針對存在外周胰島素抵抗的患者,需精細調整劑量以預防低血糖。值得注意的是,近期研究提示胰島素治療可能增加胰腺導管腺癌風險,對已有胰腺炎性病變的T3cDM患者應謹慎評估風險獲益比[50]已有研究顯示口服降糖藥療效有限,多數患者最終需轉為胰島素治療[51]。但部分證據支持二甲雙胍在輕度高血糖患者中的應用價值,其可通過改善外周胰島素敏感性和抑制肝糖輸出發揮作用[52]。目前仍需更多臨床研究來優化T3cDM的藥物治療策略。
6展望
隨著DP術后患者生存期的延長,長期并發癥管理日益受到重視。當前研究主要聚焦于NODM危險因素和預測模型,但對胰腺纖維化、脂肪浸潤等關鍵病理變化的關注不足,且現有預測模型多缺乏影像學客觀指標。剪切波彈性成像技術已在肝纖維化評估中廣泛應用,其在胰腺組織密度和脂肪浸潤定量分析中亦展現出良好應用前景。未來研究可將剪切波彈性成像等無創影像學技術整合至術前NODM風險評估體系。在治療領域,DP術后NODM的藥物干預、生活方式管理及患者教育等綜合治療方案正成為研究熱點。通過優化治療策略,有望實現更好的血糖控制、生活質量改善及生存期延長。同時,降低相關并發癥發生率、減輕患者經濟負擔也具有重要的臨床價值和社會意義。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:阿拉帕提·外力負責課題設計,資料分析,撰寫論文及修改論文;韓瑋負責擬定寫作思路,指導撰寫文章,提供基金支持并最后定稿。
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收稿日期:2024-11-10:錄用日期:2024-12-11本文編輯:邢翔宇引證本文:ALAPATIWL,HANW.Pathogenesisandclinicalmanagementofnew-onsetdiabetesmellitus afterdistalpancreatectomy[J].JClinHepatol,2025,41(7):1476-1480.阿拉帕提·外力,韓瑋.遠端胰腺切除術后新發糖尿病的發病機制與臨床管理[J].臨床肝膽病雜志,2025,41(7):1476-1480