高考閱讀理解對紙質書的 “偏愛”

2023新課標Ⅱ卷C篇的閱讀，介紹了ReadingArt：Artforbooklovers一書，并且在最后提出觀點：紙質書不會過時，在網絡發達的今天，紙質書反而可以保護我們的隱私。在2024年的新課標卷中，筆者發現這一話題依然在延續，紙質書仍受“偏愛”。那原因又是什么呢？接下來我們一起來看一下相關的文章。

一、閱讀文本及題目

以上的三篇閱讀文章中，2024新課標1卷的閱讀理解四選一及七選五都將在線書籍與紙質書籍進行比較，并肯定了紙質書籍的優勝之處。2024新課標Ⅱ卷的文章，則點明了在搭乘火車時，即使現在人手一部手機，但我們依然想用傳統的方法：閱讀紙質書，因此站內的Kiosk（小亭）能滿足人們的需求。三篇文章都是對紙質書的肯定，認為其不會過時。接下來，我們看一下三篇文章的題目是如何考查的。

[例1］2024新課標I卷C篇

Iscomprehension the same whether aperson reads a text on screen or on paper？ And are listening to and viewingcontentas effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？ The answers to both questions are often“ no.”The reasons relate to a variety offactors， includingreducedconcentration， an entertainmentmindset（心態）anda tendencyto multitask while consuming digital content.

When reading texts of several hundred wordsor more，learning is generally more successful when it'son paper than on screen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits ofprint reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks—like identifying the main idea in a readingpassage-toones thatrequire mental abstraction—such as drawing inferences from a text.

The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related topaper's physical properties. With paper，there is a literal laying on of hands，along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memoryofwhat they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.

But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called“shallowing hypothesis（假說）”．According to this theory，people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media，which are often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.

Audio（音頻）and video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies—say，assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However，psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or viewidentical pieces.

Digital texts，audio and video all have educational roles，especially when providing resources not available inprint.However，formaximizing learningwhere mental focusand reflection are called for，educatorsshouldn't assume all media are the same，even when they contain identical words.

文本分析：本文開篇提出觀點：用紙質書閱讀和在電子屏幕閱讀的效果是不同的。緊接著指出相關的影響因素。文章第2-4段展開說明受到紙的物理特性影響，人們在翻閱書籍的同時會將記憶與書本頁面相聯系，從而加深記憶；再者，當我們在電子屏幕上閱讀時，更多是帶著休閑娛樂的心態。這些因素使得閱讀電子書的效果打了折扣。最后兩段指出現在老師們為了提高課堂參與度，會借助電子產品。但作者指出，為了提升閱讀效果，教育者需要考慮不同媒介的閱讀效果。

28.What does the underlined phrase “ shine through” in paragraph 2 mean？

A．Seem unlikely to last.

B. Seem hard to explain.

C. Become ready to use.

D. Become easy to notice.

解析：考查劃線詞組的意思。本句為長句，可先找出主句的主干：Thebenefits shine through...，結合本段的前兩句“When...，learningis generallymoresuccessful when it’s on paper than on screen. A largeamount of researchconfirms this finding。”（在書本上的學習效果比在屏幕上閱讀的效果好。大量的研究證實了這一發現。）可知本段是在講述用紙質材料進行閱讀更加優勝。再看回本句，主句的主干部分是“好處…”，而好處指的是閱讀紙質書的好處，結合選項可知答案為D.Becomeeasy tonotice（好處更為明顯）。

29.What does the shallowing hypothesis assume？

A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.

B.Digital texts are simpler to understand.

C.People select digital texts randomly.

D.Digital texts are suitable for social media.

解析：題目考查的是假說的內容是什么。結合下文：“According to this theory，people approach digitaltextswith a mindset suited to social media，which areoftennot so serious，and devote less mental effort thanwhentheyarereadingprint.”本句為長句，主干部分為people approach digital text（人們閱讀數碼文本時），with短語部分是指人們的心態，更接近于使用社交媒體的心態，而which引導的從句進一步解釋，notsoserious（沒那么認真），從而可以找到答案為A.Readers treat digital texts lightly.

30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers？

A.They can hold students'attention.

B． They are more convenient to prepare.

C. They help develop advanced skills.

D. They are more informative than text.

解析：問為何越來越多的大學老師使用音頻和視 頻（進行教學）？利用題干，我們找到“Audioand video can feel more engaging than text，and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies...” so之 前為因，即“Audio and video can feel more engaging than text（比起文本，音頻和視頻更為吸引人）”， 可知答案為A. Theycanholdstudents'attention.

31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph？

A.Students should apply multiple learning techniques.

B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.

C.Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.

D.Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.

解析：作者在最后一段暗示了什么。本段有兩句，兩句都為長句。第一句大意是在教育上，電子閱讀方式有它們的優勢。利用”however”這一關鍵詞，第二句大意是，但是，為了讓學習效果最大化，當學習需要學生集中精神和反思時，教育者不能認為所有的閱讀媒介的效果是一樣的，所以作者強調的仍是紙質書的重要性，可知本題的答案為C．Printtextscannotbe entirelyreplaced ineducation.

[例2］2024新課標Ⅱ卷B篇

Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？ Yes，we all have our phones，but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.

Well，there'sa kiosk（小亭）for that.In the San Francisco Bay Area，at least.

“You enter the fare gates（檢票口）and you'll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one - minute，a three-minute，or a five-minute story，” says AliciaTrost，thechiefcommunicationsofficerfortheSan

Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit—known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt-like short story.

It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March.Some are classic short stories，and some are new original works.

Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders.“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artistsin the Bay Areato submit storiesfora contest，' Trost says.“And as of right now， we've received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”

Ridership on transit（交通）systems across the country has been down the past half century，so could short stories save transit？

Trost thinks so.

“ At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience.SoIabsolutelythink we will get moreriders just because of short stories，”she says.

And you'll never be without something to read.

文本分析：本文介紹了舊金山灣區火車站（BART）設立了小亭，它可以為乘客提供不同時間長度的紙質閱讀文本。負責人還組織了故事創作比賽，讓讀者可以讀到更多當地作家所寫的故事。而項目負責人也相信，因為有了小亭提供的短故事，當地的車站會吸引更多的乘客。

24.Why did BART start the kiosk program？

A. To promote the local culture.

B. To discourage phone use.

C. To meet passengers’needs.

D. To reduce its running costs.

解析：本題問舊金山灣區火車站（BART）為何要設立小亭。借助第二段：“Well，there'sakiosk（小亭）forthat”，for表原因，that指代前文出現過的內容，順藤摸瓜，上文第一段的內容：Doyoueverget to the train station and realize you forgot to bringsomething to read？ Yes，we all have our phones，butmany of us still like to go old school and read somethingprinted.（你是否遇到這樣的情況，當去到火車站時才想起忘記帶點東西去閱讀？是的，我們都有手機，但我們大多數人仍然是老派作風，想要閱讀紙質的東西。）因此答案為C．To meet passengers'needs.

25.How are the stories categorized in the kiosk？

A. By popularity. B. By length.

C．By theme. D. By language.

解析：問小亭提供的紙質閱讀材料是如何分類的。從第三段“You enter the fare gates...and it tellsyoucan geta one-minute，a three-minute，ora five-minute story，”，還有“You choose which length youwant and it gives you a receipt-like short story.”，可以知道是按長度分類，答案B。

26.What has Trost been doing recently？

A．Organizing a story contest.

B.Doing a survey of customers.

C．Choosing a print publisher.

D.Conducting interviews with artists.

解析：問Trost最近在做什么。從第五段Trost所 說的“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，” （我們呼吁灣區的藝術家參加我們的比賽，提交他們的 故事）。由此可知答案為A.Organizing a story contest.

27.What is Trost’s opinion about BART's future？

A. It will close down.

B.Its profits will decline.

C.It will expand nationwide.

D.Its ridership will increase.

解析：問Trost對舊金山灣區火車站未來的看法。從第6-8段可知，在過去半個世紀，乘客正在減少，“ so could short stories save transit？ Trost thinks so.”（短故事是否能拯救交通運輸呢？Trost認為是可以的。）以及“‘At the end...SoIabsolutely thinkwewill get more riders just because of short stories，'shesays.”（我堅定地相信，有了這些紙質的短故事，我們會有越來越多的乘客。）可知答案為D.Itsridershipwill increase.

[例3]2024新課標Ⅰ卷七選五

Not all great writers are great spellers.If you want tobepublished，it'svitalto submitaperfect， professionally presented manuscript（原稿）.36No editorislikelyto toleratea writerwhodoesnottake the trouble to spell words correctly.

I keep two reference books close-by on my desk： dictionaryand thesaurus（同義詞詞典）．I don't trust my laptop's spellchecker.37Of course，these days there are plenty of online dictionaries and thesauruses， but I'm old-fashioned enough to prefer ahard cover and pages I can leaf through with my fingers.I use the Concise Oxford English Dictionary and the Collins Thesaurus.

38It should give you a precise definition of eachword，thusdifferentiating it from otherwordswhose meanings are similar，but not identical.It will also usually show how the word is pronounced.

In addition，I have an old two-volume copy of the Shorter Oxford Dictionary，picked up a few years ago in a bookshop sale for just 99 pence. Of course，with its 2，672 pages，it's not exactly short. It contains around 163，00O words，plus word combinations and idiomatic phrases.39However，if Ineed to check the origin of a word or to look up examples of its usage， there's nothingbetter.

Forwell over a hundred years the most influential English dictionary was Samuel Johnson's Dictionaryof theEnglish Language published in 1755.“To make dictionaries is dull（乏味）work，”wrote Johnson， illustrating one definition of“dull” 40 A few minutes spent casting your eye over a page or two can be a rewarding experience.

A.I don’t often use this dictionary.

B.It takes no account of the context.

C.But I still don't want to replace them.

D.But a dictionary can be a pleasure to read.

E. Of course，a dictionary is not only for spelling.

F. That means good grammar and no spelling mistakes.

G. Dictionariesdon’t always give you enough

文本分析：作者在面對在線詞典與紙質詞典時，更相信紙質字典。接著作者提到幾本自己使用的字典及其作用。如日常使用的是ConciseOxfordEnglishDictionary和CollinsThesaurus兩本字典；如果需要了解某個單詞的起源、單詞具體用法的例子等，則會查閱Shorter Oxford Dictionary；最后還談到了SamuelJohnson'sDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage這一最具影響力的字典，說明查閱紙質字典自有其樂趣。

36解析：在本空的前一句寫著“it'svitaltosubmitaperfect，professionally presented manuscript（關鍵是呈交一份完美的、專業的稿件）”，本空的關鍵就在 perfect，因此選擇F．That meansgoodgrammarandno spellingmistakes.（那意味著語法正確且沒有拼寫錯誤）。指示代詞that指代上文it'svital...這句話，good grammar and no spelling mistakes則與上一句的perfect，professionallypresented 相呼應。

37解析：本空的前一句是I don't trust mylaptop'sspellchecker.（我不信手提電腦上的拼寫檢查器），而后面講到盡管有大量的在線詞典可以選擇，但作者仍選擇紙質詞典。因此，作為銜接句，我們利用代詞一致性，前文出現spellchecker，找到選項B.It takesnoaccountof thecontext.（它沒有考慮上下文），這是目前電子詞典的局限，也是作者不信電子詞典的原因，可以銜接上文。

38解析：下文兩個句子都提到Itshould giveyou....Itwillalsousuallyshow...這說明前文提及某種物品的作用，而下文提到的功能包含了giveyou aprecisedefinitionofeachword（給每個詞下簡潔的定義），show how the word ispronounced（單詞如何發音），因此答案為E．Of course，a dictionary is not onlyforspelling.（字典不僅是用于查詞的拼寫），正好與后面兩句的內容相呼應。

39解析：解題的關鍵在于下文的However，表轉折，其后的內容寫出了作者在何者情況下會使用上文提到的字典。于是答案為A．I dontoftenuse thisdictionary．（我不經常使用這本字典）。

40解析：本段提及的是一百多年來最具影響力的字典，在本空之前是引用了字典中Johnson在解析dull一詞時的話語—“編制字典的過程是乏味的”，而在本空后的內容是“花幾分鐘時間查閱字典是一件值得做的事情”，兩句話中間缺少了一個過度轉折，于是找到答案D.But a dictionarycan be apleasuretoread．（但閱讀字典卻是有趣的）。

題目考查方向及應對方法

這三篇文章的內容接近學生的日常生活，容易理解。但題目本身并不簡單，如Ⅰ卷D篇的28、29題考查的是對長難句的理解，I卷D篇的31題，Ⅱ卷B篇的24、27題，Ⅰ卷的七選五閱讀題，需要理解上下文的意思，把握篇章段落大意，才能找到相應的答案。這就需要運用高階的閱讀思維能力，即對篇章的把握能力。那我們又應該如何提高相應的能力呢？

1．找句子主干

在理解長難句方面，要學會尋找句子主干，也就是whodoes/did（what），讓長句變短。如基礎薄弱，則利用好謂語動詞三單、過去式、情態動詞加動詞原形等謂語形式，借此找到句子謂語，而句首的名詞一般為句子主語，這樣一來長句可以變短，便于理解句子的核心意思。

閱讀的材料，可以利用好課文的句子。以人教版必修二Unit 1 From problems to solutions 一文為例，文章的生詞多，長句也多，難度較大，但它恰好也是我們學習提取長句主干的材料。如第一段最后一句：Finding and keeping the right balance between progressand the protection of cultural sites /can be /a bigchallenge．這一長句有19個單詞，看似不好理解，但學生只要找到句子謂語canbe，那前面長長的部分則為動名詞短語充當主語，再借助介詞短語 between..and...，句子的意思就清晰了。

另一句則是在最后一段：Perhaps the best example/is shown by UNESCO，/which runs /a programme /thatprevents world cultural heritage sites /around the worldfromdisappearing.我們借助逗號和which引導的非限定從進行斷句，再利用動詞第三人稱單數形式找到runs，prevents，則找到了非限定從中所包含的定語從句，這樣這句含有23個詞的長句，則劃分為三個短句，意思也就好理解了。而當我們養成找主干的閱讀習慣，在完成I卷D篇的29題時，“Accordingto thistheory，/peopleapproach/digital texts/with amindsetsuited to social media，which are /often not so serious，and devote less mental effort than /when they are readingprint.”，即便面對32個單詞的長句，也能學會找到主干，正確斷句，從而簡化題目。

2.循序漸進培養篇章意識

在把握段落大意、篇章大意方面，則可以借助思維導圖的形式。以人教版必修二Unit1Fromproblemstosolutions一文為例，在完成課文閱讀后，不妨以小組為單位，完成本文的思維導圖，其目的是再次閱讀文章，鞏固、復習所學詞匯。我們在重讀中再次思考文章的內容，正所謂“讀書百遍，其義自見”。

其次，在完成思維導圖過程中，面對長句時，需要思考如何將課本語言轉化為自己的語言，其中一種容易操作的方式，就是前面所提到的“找句子主干”；這在無形中強化了讀懂長句的技能。所謂的技能，是要在多次的練習中才能轉化為自己的本領。

在學習的過程中，我們不妨利用課本材料：如選擇性必修一Unit2 Smart homesmake life easier一文，文章有標題，文內還有小標題，這樣文章的結構也就相對清晰，畫思維導圖相對容易一些。我們可以先以小組為單位，大家討論并共同完成所學文章的思維導圖，形成思維意識，而后再逐步提升對自己的要求，如由小組合作變為“單打獨斗”，獨立完成任務。在完成思維導圖之后，可以請老師幫你們作出評價和反饋，這樣有助于大家進步得更快。

希望以上兩個方法能對大家有所幫助。回歸到試題的內容，在手機、電腦日益普及的今天，傳統書籍是否沒有價值了呢？答案是否定的。正如這幾篇文章告訴我們的，使用電子屏幕閱讀是比較方便，但我們也容易分心。而閱讀書本時，我們會更認真，專注于理解文字、長句、篇章，這有助于提升閱讀效果，這也是為何高考一直強調閱讀、偏愛書本。閱讀應該日常，哪怕在排隊時的1分鐘、3分鐘也能閱讀。

至于像字典這樣的工具書，雖然現在使用電子辭典更為方便，但使用電子書，人們容易同時進行多個任務，比如邊看視頻邊查詞典，這會讓學習的效果大打折扣。所以希望大家能認識到書籍的價值，并擴大閱讀量。當我們培養起良好的閱讀習慣和思維，在學習的路上勤動腦、多思考，那在面對高考的閱讀題時，才能感受到“輕舟已過萬重山”。

【作者簡介：高中英語一級教師，在《華南師范大學學報》上發表論文1篇，在《廣東教育·高中》上發表文章30余篇。曾先后獲得龍湖區“優秀教師”“優秀共產黨員”“汕頭市優秀青年教師”“汕頭市優秀教師”等榮譽稱號；所寫論文獲廣東教育學會2023年度學術討論會征文比賽一等獎，2016至今連年參加汕頭市、龍湖區舉辦的青年教師基本功比賽、教學資源征集比賽等，多次獲得市、區一、二等獎】

責任編輯 吳昊雷