


【摘要】目的" 利用雙樣本孟德爾隨機化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究方法探究牙周炎(periodontitis,PD)、慢性牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)、復雜性慢性牙周炎(complicated chronic periodontitis,CCP)與良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)的因果關系以及血漿炎癥因子的中介作用。方法" 使用FinnGen與GWAS項目的BPH、PD、CP、CCP,以及循環炎癥因子水平的遺傳數據進行雙樣本MR分析。使用逆方差加權(inverse-variance weighting,IVW)、MR Egger、加權中位數、簡單眾數法和加權眾數法進行分析。使用IVW分析血漿炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間的中介效應。結果" IVW顯示PD、CP與BPH不存在顯著的因果關系,CCP增加BPH的發生風險[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.04,1.25),PFDR=0.028]。白血病抑制因子[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.02,1.28),PFDR=0.024]和C-C基序趨化因子28[OR=1.11,95%CI(1.00,1.23),PFDR=0.047]可以促進BPH;活化誘導的受體核因子κB配體[OR=0.89,95%CI(0.81,0.99),PFDR=0.024]、Fms樣酪氨酸激酶3配體[OR=0.88,95%CI(0.79,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、抑瘤素M[OR=0.84,95%CI(0.72,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、C-X-C基序趨化因子9[OR=0.83,95%CI(0.74,0.93),PFDR=0.001]和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶8[OR=0.82,95%CI(0.69,0.96),PFDR=0.015]的血漿水平與BPH風險具有顯著負向關聯。但這些炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間并不存在顯著的中介效應。結 論" CCP會增加BPH的發生風險,部分炎癥因子也會增加BPH發生風險,但這些炎癥因子未介導CCP對BPH的作用,未來仍需進一步研究CCP增加BPH發生風險的相關機制。
【關鍵詞】牙周炎;良性前列腺增生;炎癥因子;孟德爾隨機化;中介分析
【中圖分類號】R 697+.3;R 781.4+2 【文獻標識碼】A
The association between periodontitis, plasma inflammatory factors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a mediation Mendelian randomization study
JIA Haichang1,2, FAN Jiuming2,3, FANG Cheng2, ZENG Xiantao1,2
1. Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
2. Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
3. Department of Urology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng 475400, Henan Province, China
Corresponding author: ZENG Xiantao, Email: zengxiantao1128@163.com
【Abstract】Objective" To investigate the potential causal relationships between periodontitis (PD), chronic periodontitis (CP), complicated chronic periodontitis (CCP), and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as well as the mediating effect of plasma inflammatory factors, using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods" Genetic data on BPH, PD, CP, CCP, and circulating inflammatory factors levels were obtained from the FinnGen and GWAS projects for two-sample MR analysis. The inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method, MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods were employed for analyses. The mediating effect of plasma inflammatory factors on the association between CCP and BPH was assessed using IVW. Results" The IVW analysis indicated no significant causal relationship between PD, CP, and BPH. However, CCP was associated with an increased risk of BPH [OR=1.14, 95% CI (1.04, 1.25), PFDR=0.028]. Among inflammatory factors, leukemia inhibitory factor [OR=1.14, 95%CI(1.02, 1.28), PFDR=0.024] and C-C motif chemokine 28 [OR=1.11, 95%CI(1.00, 1.23), PFDR=0.047] were found to promote BPH. Conversely, plasma levels of TNF-related activation-induced cytokine [OR=0.89, 95%CI(0.81, 0.99), PFDR=0.024], Fms- like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand [OR=0.88, 95%CI(0.79, 0.98), PFDR=0.022], Oncostatin M [OR=0.84, 95%CI(0.72, 0.98), PFDR=0.022], C-X-C motif chemokine 9 [OR=0.83, 95%CI(0.74, 0.93), PFDR=0.001], and caspase-8 [OR=0.82, 95%CI(0.69, 0.96), PFDR=0.015] were significantly negatively associated with BPH risk. However, no significant mediating effect of these inflammatory factors was observed in the association between CCP and BPH. Conclusion" CCP increases the risk of BPH, and certain inflammatory factors also contribute to BPH risk. However, these factors do not mediate the effect of CCP on BPH. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between CCP and BPH risk.
【Keywords】Periodontitis; Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Inflammatory factors; Mendelian randomization; Mediation analysis
牙周炎(periodontitis,PD)是一種常見的牙頜系統疾病,根據炎癥過程可分為急性牙周炎和慢性牙周炎(chronic periodontitis,CP)[1-2]。CP又可根據骨喪失嚴重程度和局部因素復雜程度分為單純性慢性牙周炎和復雜性慢性牙周炎(complicated chronic periodontitis,CCP)[3]。PD的發生與牙齦和牙周組織中菌群的失調以及免疫系統異常密切相關[4-6]。其病理表現包括牙周組織的破壞、牙槽骨的萎縮,進一步可導致牙齒松動甚至脫落[7]。
良性前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)是老年男性中常見的疾病,主要引起老年男性的下尿路癥狀[8],其發病率隨著年齡增長而上升 [9-11]。BPH的發生與炎癥和性激素的作用有關 [12],臨床研究顯示,超過77%的BPH患者前列腺組織中存在慢性炎癥浸潤,且炎癥程度與前列腺體積增大、下尿路癥狀加重及手術干預需求呈正相關[13]。多種炎癥因子(如IL-1β、IL-6、CXCL12等)已被證明可以激活炎癥相關信號通路,導致前列腺細胞增殖[14-15]。
一項橫斷面研究顯示牙周病可以使BPH的風險顯著增加[16]。最近提出的口腔—前列腺軸概念,即包括PD在內的慢性口腔感染可能通過全身系統性傳播影響前列腺等遠端器官[17]。這一假設認為,與PD相關的口腔致病菌,尤其是牙齦卟啉單胞菌,不僅造成了牙周疾病,還可以激活前列腺細胞IL-6/IL-6R信號通路,導致前列腺上皮和基質明顯增生、膠原纖維化增加。這些研究提示PD與BPH可能存在著一定聯系[18-19]。本研究通過孟德爾隨機化(Mendelian randomization,MR)研究探討PD、CP、CCP與BPH之間是否存在因果關系,以及這種因果關系是否通過血漿炎癥因子介導,以期為牙周病和BPH的關聯提供證據。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究設計
首先,分別以PD、CP、CCP作為暴露因素,BPH作為結局因素,以單核苷酸多態性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)作為工具變量(instrumental variables,IVs),利用雙樣本MR方法探究不同類型牙周病對BPH的影響。然后,使用雙樣本MR分析篩選與BPH相關的血漿炎癥因子,并探討篩選出的炎癥因子是否受牙周病的影響,以確定炎癥因子是否在牙周病與BPH之間存在中介效應[20](附件圖1)。
1.2 數據來源
BPH數據來源于GWAS Catalog的公開數據集(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/)。循環炎癥因子數據同樣來自GWAS Catalog的公開數據集(編號:GCST90274758至GCST90274834)。PD、CP、CCP的數據來源于FinnGen數據庫(https://www.finngen.fi/en)。BPH與PD、CP、CCP數據詳細信息與來源見表1。研究數據均公開來源,無需倫理委員會審批。
1.3 工具變量篩選
為保證從相關GWAS數據庫中選擇的SNPs的可靠性,對所選SNPs要求如下:①SNP與暴露因子有顯著關聯,為保證SNP的數量,篩選標準設定為P<5×10-6,并通過連鎖不平衡篩選(參數設定為r2<0.001,kb<10 000)剔除可能存在連鎖的SNP,F值>10,以排除弱IVs偏倚的影響;②IVs僅通過暴露因素影響結局,即IVs與結局無直接關聯;③IVs與其他混雜因素無關[21-22]。
1.4 統計學分析
使用R 4.3.2軟件和TwoSampleMR包進行數據分析,采用逆方差加權法(inverse-variance weighting,IVW)作為主要方法,同時結合加權中位數法(weighted median estimator,WME)、MR-Egger回歸法、簡單眾數法(simple mode,SM)和加權眾數法(weighted mode,WM)評估因果關系。結果以優勢比(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信區間(95% confidence interval,95%CI)表示。為控制多重遺傳工具所引入的假陽性率,IVW的P值均采用假發現率(1 discovery rate,FDR)進行校正,以P<0.05為差異具有統計學意義。使用Cochran's Q統計量評估異質性(P>0.05提示不存在異質性)。通過MR- Egger截距法檢驗水平多效性(P>0.05表明無顯著水平多效性)。利用MR-PRESSO方法檢測多效性并識別潛在的離群值。使用漏斗圖反映MR分析結果是否存在異質性。使用留一法逐一剔除SNP,評估單個SNP對結果穩定性的影響[23]。
2 結果
2.1 工具變量
根據篩選標準(P<5×10-6,r2<0.001,kb<10 000,F值>10)對IVs進行篩選。以三種類型的牙周病作為暴露因素,BPH作為結局,每組均有8個SNPs納入MR分析(附件表1)。對于血漿炎癥因子,篩選得到的顯著SNPs數量范圍為15~51(附件表2)。
2.2 三種牙周病對BPH的因果效應
2.2.1 MR分析結果
分別以PD、CP、CCP為暴露因素,BPH為結局因素,IVW結果顯示,PD[OR=1.04,95%CI(0.95,1.14),PFDR=0.358]、CP[OR=1.15,95%CI(1.00,1.32),PFDR=0.113]與BPH之間沒有顯著的因果關系;CCP與BPH之間存在顯著正向關聯[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.04,1.25),PFDR=0.028]。基于MR Egger法、WME、SM和WM的MR分析結果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH關聯的β值均與IVW的β值方向一致,見表2。
2.2.2 敏感性分析
Cochran's Q檢驗結果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH的MR分析中所有SNPs效應無顯著異質性(P >0.05);MR-Egger檢驗結果顯示,三種牙周病與BPH的Egger截距值與0均不存在統計學差異(P>0.05);MR-PRESSO離群值檢驗評估顯示,三種牙周病各自的SNP均不存在顯著水平多效性(P>0.05)(表3)。IVW的漏斗圖結果顯示,淺藍色分界線兩側散點分布較為均勻(附 件圖2)。留一法結果顯示,三種牙周病對BPH的MR分析中,在剔除單個SNP后的效應估計結果穩健,未受單個SNP的顯著影響(附件圖3)。
2.3 炎癥因子對BPH的因果效應
使用IVW篩選出7種與BPH顯著相關的炎癥因子,其中白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)[OR=1.14,95%CI(1.02,1.28),PFDR=0.024]、C-C基序趨化因子28(C-C motif chemokine 28,CCL28)[OR=1.11,95%CI(1.00,1.23),PFDR=0.047]的血漿水平與BPH風險具有顯著正向關聯;活化誘導的受體核因子κB配體(TNF-related activation-induced cytokine,TRANCE)[OR=0.89,95%CI(0.81,0.99),PFDR=0.024]、Fms樣酪氨酸激酶3配體(Fms like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand,Flt3L)[OR=0.88,95%CI(0.79,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、抑瘤素M(Oncostatin M,OSM)[OR=0.84,95%CI(0.72,0.98),PFDR=0.022]、C-X-C基序趨化因子9(C-X-C motif chemokine 9,CXCL9)[OR=0.83,95%CI(0.74,0.93),PFDR= 0.001]和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶8(caspase-8,CASP-8)[OR=0.82,95%CI(0.69,0.96),PFDR=0.015]的血漿水平與BPH風險具有顯著負向關聯(表 4)。
2.4 炎癥因子在CCP與BPH間的中介效應
使用中介MR進一步探討以上7種炎癥因子是否在CCP與BPH之間存在中介效應,結果顯示CCP與這些炎癥因子無顯著因果關聯(P>0.05),炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間不存在中介效應,見表5。
3 討論
本研究通過MR分析探討了PD、CP、CCP與BPH之間的因果關系。盡管既往MR分析結果未顯示PD和BPH之間存在因果關系[24],但其并未納入CP及CCP作為暴露因素,無法全面評估各類型PD對BPH的影響。本研究分析結果表明CCP與BPH之間存在顯著因果關系。但本研究結果未顯示PD與BPH發生之間存在顯著的因果關系,這可能是受限于PD作為暴露變量時涵蓋了更廣泛的患者群體,包含了炎癥作用時間更短的急性PD,繼而稀釋了PD整體與BPH的因果關聯。
本研究進一步探討了血漿炎癥因子水平是否與BPH存在關聯。研究結果顯示,炎癥因子LIF和CCL28對BPH的發生具有促進作用,這一結果表明特定的炎癥因子可能通過激活炎癥反應加劇前列腺的增生進程。LIF是IL-6超家族的一員,可通過激活gp130/JAK/STAT3信號通路,調節機體免疫,促進腫瘤進展[25]。一項在BPH組織上皮和基質的免疫組織化學分析研究中也觀察到LIF表達的上調[26]。CCL28屬于CC型趨化因子家族[27],可以通過激活PI3K/AKT信號通路促進細胞增殖[28]。這兩種炎癥因子可能是BPH的潛在研究靶點。此外,TRANCE、Flt3L、OSM、CXCL9、CASP-8在炎癥反應、抗腫瘤免疫、細胞程序性死亡等過程中發揮重要的調節作用,可能在BPH中發揮著潛在的保護作用[28-32]。
然而,中介分析結果提示炎癥因子水平在CCP與BPH之間并不存在顯著的中介效應,這提示了CCP可能并不是通過提高全身血漿炎癥因子水平促進BPH。CCP促進BPH的機制可能是PD病原體的毒力因子(如脂多糖、外膜囊泡、蛋白酶、鞭毛等)對前列腺細胞的直接刺激[33]。這些毒力因子可以激活前列腺細胞Toll樣受體,繼而觸發JAK2/STAT3、PI3K/Akt、NF-κB/Nrf2等炎癥信號通路,促進前列腺細胞增殖,抑制前列腺細胞凋亡[34-35]。同時這些炎癥因子可能通過復雜的信號通路或不同的旁路影響BPH,而非單一的線性中介作用。需要注意得是,本研究中炎癥因子來源于血漿,雖然結果顯示這些來源于血漿的炎癥因子在CCP與BPH之間并不存在中介效應,但存在于前列腺組織中的炎癥因子是否介導CCP對BPH的作用仍需進一步研究。
本研究仍存在著一些局限性。盡管MR方法能夠有效減少混雜因素的干擾,但其仍然受到遺傳工具的質量和可獲得性的限制。本研究僅使用了歐洲人群數據,這可能限制了結果的外部適用性。不同種族群體可能在基因背景、環境因素以及生活方式方面存在差異,未來的研究應當擴展到多種族人群中,評估這些結果在不同種族群體中的穩定性和適用性。
綜上所述,MR分析結果顯示CCP會增加BPH的發生風險。LIF和CCL28等血漿炎癥因子對BPH存在顯著影響,但這些炎癥因子未介導CCP對BPH的作用。這些發現強調了控制PD、減輕全身性炎癥對于降低BPH發生發展風險的重要性。未來仍需進一步研究CCP增加BPH發生風險的相關機制。
附件見《醫學新知》官網附錄(https://yxxz.whuznhmedj.com/futureApi/storage/appendix/202412135.pdf)
倫理聲明:不適用
作者貢獻:研究設計與論文撰寫:賈海昌、樊九銘、方程;數據采集與分析:賈海昌、樊九銘;研究指導與經費支持:曾憲濤
數據獲取:本研究中使用和(或)分析的數據可在https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gwas/和https://www.finngen.fi/en網站獲取
利益沖突聲明:無
致謝:不適用
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本文編輯:李緒輝" " " " "曹 越
引用本文:賈海昌, 樊九銘, 方程, 等. 牙周炎和血漿炎癥因子與良性前列腺增生之間的關聯: 一項中介孟德爾隨機化研究 [J]. 醫學新知, 2025, 35(3): 312-318. DOI: 10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.202412135.
Jia HC, Fan JM, Fang C, et al. The association between periodontitis, plasma inflammatory factors, and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a mediation Mendelian randomization study[J]. Yixue Xinzhi Zazhi, 2025, 35(3): 312-318. DOI: 10.12173/j.issn.1004-5511.202412135.
基金項目:國家自然科學基金青年科學基金項目(82100817)
通信作者:曾憲濤,博士,教授,主任醫師,博士研究生導師,Email:zengxiantao1128@163.com