選擇性忽略

張元林 寧璇

內容摘要：本文對敦煌石窟法華經變·提婆達多品表現釋迦于過去世與提婆達多因緣的畫面、“海涌菩薩赴法華會”的畫面和與“龍女成佛”故事相關的畫面中此前不為學界所關注的一些細節表現做了重新識讀與定名；同時，通過與日本等海外所藏相關佛經插畫的比較，認為二者間在畫面表現上有相當大的不同。在此基礎上，對敦煌提婆達多品畫面特色形成的原因進行了探討，認為主要根源在于中國佛教信眾對于提婆達多角色認知的不一致性相關。

關鍵詞：選擇性；忽略；提婆達多品；問題

中圖分類號：K879.21 ?文獻標識碼：A ?文章編號：1000-4106（2024）03-0034-16

Selective Neglect

—Several Issues Concerning the Stories of Devadatta in Lotus Sutra Illustrations

at Dunhuang

ZHANG Yuanlin1 NING Xuan2

（1. Dunhuang Academy， Dunhuang 736200， Gansu; 2. Beijing Technology and Business University， Beijing 100048）

Abstract： This paper reexamines the titles and some details of various Buddhist stories about Devadatta， including a story of karma between Sakyamuni and Devadatta from their previous lives， an account of bodhisattvas surging from the ocean to attend the Chinese Buddhist Fahua assembly， and a story about the Dragon-Lady becoming a buddha. These stories are depicted in illustrations of the Lotus Sutra in the Dunhuang Caves and have previously been overlooked by scholars. At the same time， by comparing these illustrations with relevant depictions in Buddhist scriptures held in overseas collections of manuscripts， the authors conclude that the illustrations in the artwork from Dunhuang is noticeably different in several ways. On this basis， this paper discusses the reasons for the unique visual features in stories about Devadatta in the Lotus Sutra illustrations at Dunhuang， and concludes that it was mainly because Chinese Buddhist followers had a different understanding of the role of Devadatta in Buddhist theology.

Keywords：selective; neglect; stories of Devadatta; issues

（Translated by WANG pingxian）

一 問題的提出

在《法華經》全部二十八品中，《提婆達多品第十二》是體現該經“眾生皆有佛性”思想的最有代表性的一品。該品主要通過兩個故事來宣示奉持《法華經》之殊勝功德。第一個“提婆達多前世因緣”故事講述釋迦往昔作轉輪王時為求《法華經》而廣為施舍并供養提婆達多的前世阿私陀仙人之事，釋迦因為從提婆達多處聞得《法華經》而得以成就佛道，而提婆達多也因此功德得佛授記，于未來無量劫后成佛。第二個“龍女成佛”故事講述智慧殊勝的文殊菩薩入大海為龍宮眾弘講《法華經》，并化度無數。其中就包括龍王年僅八歲的女兒。龍女隨文殊菩薩從海涌出赴靈鷲山法華會。并在法華會上為證女人可“速得成佛”，向佛獻寶珠后于須臾間轉為男身并即成佛之事。我們知道，在佛教史上，釋迦的堂弟提婆達多因犯十惡不赦的“五逆之罪”而得墮入地獄之報?！?br>