某座椅鞭打試驗仿真與優化

王元蘭　趙軍　毛晨曦　劉會霞

【摘要】針對某款座椅在鞭打試驗中假人揮鞭傷較為嚴重，鞭打得分較低的問題，利用HyperMesh軟件建立座椅有限元模型，并進行鞭打仿真分析，得到對鞭打傷害影響較大的因素分別為調角器剛度系數、頭枕桿直徑、靠背左側支撐板厚度、靠背右側支撐板厚度、靠背后部支撐板厚度、座墊右側支撐板厚度和座墊左側支撐板厚度，利用哈默斯雷試驗設計方法對上述7個設計變量進行樣本點采集，并利用移動最小二乘法進行近似模型擬合，采用全局響應面法對近似模型進行多目標優化，驗證結果表明，優化模型的精度滿足要求，優化后鞭打得分提高，座椅抗揮鞭傷性能顯著提升。

主題詞：座椅 鞭打試驗 揮鞭傷 中國新車評價規程 多目標優化

中圖分類號：U463.836? ?文獻標識碼：A? ?DOI： 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230589

Simulation and Optimization of A Seat Whipping Test

【Abstract】The results of whiplash test show that whiplash injury is very serious and whiplash score is low. To solve this problem， the seat finite element model was established by HyperMesh software， and the whipping simulation analysis was carried out. The factors affecting substantially whipping injury were analyzed as follows： angle adjuster stiffness coefficient， head pillow rod diameter， thickness of backrest left support plate， thickness of backrest right support plate， thickness of backrest rear support plate， thickness of seat cushion left support plate and thickness of seat cushion right support plate. The above seven influencing factors were taken as design variables， sample points were collected by Hammersley experimental design， and approximate model fitting was carried out by moving least square method. The global response surface method was used to perform multi-objective optimization of the approximate model. The verification results show that the accuracy of the optimized model meets the requirements， and the whip score was increased， which greatly enhanced the seats ability to prevent whip injury.

Key words： Seat， Whiplash test， Whiplash injury， C-NCAP， Multi-objective optimization

1 前言

車輛低速追尾事故極易帶來乘員的顱腦損傷、頸椎損傷、心臟損傷等傷害[1]，各國研究人員非常重視座椅抗揮鞭傷性能研究，2012年，座椅鞭打試驗納入中國新車評價規程（China-New Car Assessment Program，C-NCAP）[2]。

目前，座椅安全性能的主流研究方法有2種[3]，即臺車碰撞試驗和計算機數值模擬。經過數十年的發展，有限元法已經大量應用于座椅被動安全開發領域[4-5]：劉迪輝[6]對車輛追尾過程中乘員頸部的運動狀態和損傷機理進行了研究；趙民等[7]按照GB 11550—2009《汽車座椅頭枕強度要求和試驗方法》對某款汽車的座椅頭枕進行了靜強度仿真驗證；李瑞生[8]基于C-NCAP座椅鞭打試驗要求研究發現，座椅的抗揮鞭傷性能受靠背剛度、頭枕剛度和安裝位置等多種因素影響；……