摘 要:生物防治是近年來新興的植物病害防控技術,具有綠色環保、安全高效的特點,能更好地實現農業可持續發展以及社會、經濟和生態效益的統一,已經成為農業生物工程領域研究的重點。生防菌對植物的防病促生作用與其對根際土壤微生物群落結構的調整作用密切相關。主要綜述了生防細菌、生防真菌以及生防放線菌對土壤微生物群落結構影響的研究進展,以期為生防菌的合理利用提供參考。總體來看,生防菌施入后可以在土壤中定殖,增加作物根際土壤土著微生物中有益(促進植物生長、減少植物病害發生)菌(屬)的數量,或減少有害(導致植物病害發生、抑制植物生長)菌(屬)的數量,改變土壤微生物多樣性、豐富度以及土壤中酶的活性、有機碳含量,從而改善根際土壤微生物群落結構,達到緩解作物連作障礙、降低作物發病率、提高作物品質、增加作物產量的效果。
關鍵詞:生防菌;土壤微生物;群落結構
中圖分類號:S154.3 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-060X(2023)06-0096-05
Abstract:Biological control characterized by environment friendly, safety and high efficiency is emerging as a kind of plant disease prevention and control technology in recent years. It can better realize the sustainable development of agriculture and the unity of social, economic and ecological benefits, becoming the focus of research in the field of agricultural biological engineering. The disease prevention and control and growth promotion effect of biocontrol microorganisms on plants is closely related to its adjustment for microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil. Research progress on the effect of biocontrol bacteria, biocontrol fungi and biocontrol Actinomycetes on soil microbial community structure is reviewed in this paper, so as to provide reference for the rational utilization of biocontrol microorganisms. In general, biocontrol microorganisms can colonize the soil after application, increase the number of beneficial (promoting plant growth, and reducing plant disease occurrence) microorganisms (genuses), or reduce the number of harmful (causing plant disease, and inhibiting plant growth) microorganisms (genuses) of the indigenous microorganisms in crop rhizosphere soil, and change soil microbial diversity and abundance, and enzyme activity and organic carbon content in soil, thus improving microbial community structure in rhizosphere soil, and alleviating crop continuous cropping obstacles, reducing crop morbidity, improving crop quality, and increasing crop yield.
Key words:biocontrol microorganisms; soil microorganisms; community structure
在農業生產過程中,植物病害是影響作物產量和質量的主要因素,全世界每年病害導致的作物損失約占作物產量的25%[1]。如何防治作物病害、提高生產效益在農業生產領域備受關注。目前,防治植物病害的方法主要可劃分為物理、化學、生物和農藝4大類。其中,化學防治是傳統、常用的手段,具有成本低、見效快、殺菌譜廣、操作簡便等優點[2],但化學藥劑的濫用帶來了土壤和大氣環境污染、生態平衡破壞、藥物殘留等一系列問題,長期大量施用化學藥劑不利于農業的可持續發展,目前許多國家和地區采取了限制使用化學制劑的措施以確保食品安全[3]。……