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關鍵詞:多軸疲勞;應力幅比;相位差;S-N曲線
中圖分類號:O346.2
文獻標志碼:A文章編號:1000-582X(2023)03-094-009
A fast life prediction method for hard metals under multiaxial
high-cycle fatigue loading
LIU Tianqi1, ZHANG Guangxin1, ZHANG Tian1, LIU Hao2, QI Xinxin3, SHI Xinhong3
(1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Civil Aircraft Structures and Composite Materials, COMAC Beijing Aircraft
Technology Research Institute, Beijing 102211, P. R. China; 2. College of Aerospace and Astronautics,
Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China; 3. Institute of Solid Mechanics, School of
Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, P. R. China)
Abstract:"" According to the study of multiaxial fatigue life of 30CrMnSiA steel, the concept of equivalent S-N curve is proposed based on the uniaxial tension-compression and pure torsion S-N curves in this paper. Based on the equivalent S-N curves, an empirical formula is established to predict the multiaxial fatigue life of hard metal materials. The empirical formula is verified by predicting the fatigue life of various hard metal materials in the literature. Results show that more than 94.0% of the data points are in the ±3 times fatigue life scatter band, and more than 81.8% of the data points are in the ±2 times fatigue life scatter band.
Keywords:" multiaxial fatigue; stress amplitude ratio; phase difference; S-N curve
在工程實際中,許多結構的危險部位都承受著多軸疲勞載荷的作用[1-2],如飛機蒙皮、起落架主起梁、航空發動機中的葉片和輪盤結構等。不同于單軸疲勞問題,多軸疲勞的影響因素包含多個,已有研究表明對于不同的材料,應力幅比、相位差、平均應力等因素對疲勞壽命的影響也不相同[3-6]。
多軸高周疲勞壽命預測準則主要分為4類[7-10]:等效應力準則、應力不變量準則、細觀積分準則和臨界面準則。等效應力準則[11]在靜強度理論的基礎上根據試驗數據得出,形式簡單,但缺乏合理的物理背景;應力不變量準則[12]一般以應力偏量第二不變量和靜水壓力為參量,計算方便,但是其對多軸疲勞失效機理解釋的有效性還有待驗證,尤其在非比例加載時需要進行修正;細觀積分準則最早由Dang等[13,14]基于應力微元的概念提出,之后Papadopoulos[15-17]和Morel等[18,19]都基于該原理提出了相應的積分準則;臨界面準則[20-22]建立在裂紋萌生和擴展的基礎上,認為在疲勞載荷下,裂紋萌生于一個特定的平面上,該平面上的切應力和正應力都會影響疲勞裂紋的萌生與擴展。無論是哪種準則,其對于多軸疲勞壽命的預測均為采用一個等效的應力參量與單軸拉壓或純扭S-N曲線相結合的方式,等效應力參量的計算往往涉及復雜的過程,且需要進行大量的多軸疲勞試驗進行修正,不方便工程應用[23-25]。
筆者基于加載參量對30CrMnSiA鋼多軸疲勞壽命影響的研究,首先提出了等效S-N曲線的概念;然后,基于等效S-N曲線建立了一種快速預測硬質金屬材料多軸疲勞壽命的經驗公式;最后,為驗證該經驗公式的適用性,選取文獻中多種材料的多軸疲勞試驗結果,采用所提出的經驗公式對試驗壽命進行了預測。
1 多軸疲勞壽命快速預測方法
1.1 多軸疲勞應力分析
對于恒幅拉扭復合加載,通常包含5個加載參量,其形式如式(1)(2)所示。
σxt=σx,asinωt+σx,m,(1)
τxyt=τxy,asinωt-δ+τxy,m,(2)
式中:σxt和τxyt分別為隨時間變化的正應力和切應力,σx,a和τxy,a分別為正應力幅值和切應力幅值,δ為正應力和切應力之間的相位差,σx,m和τxy,m分別為平均正應力和平均切應力。
定義應力幅比為切應力幅值與正應力幅值的比值,如式(3)所示。
λ=τxy,aσx,a。(3)
經過推導可以知道,拉扭復合加載下的應力加載路徑是以平均應力為中心的橢圓,橢圓的中心為(σx,m,τxy,m),橢圓的長短半軸分別為
la,lb=12σ2x,a+τ2xy,a±σ2x,a+τ2xy,a2-4σ2x,aτ2xy,asin2δ。(4)
由此可知,3種相位差δ=0°(比例加載)、δ=45°和δ=90°(非比例加載)下的拉扭復合加載路徑如圖1所示。
在研究加載參量對多軸疲勞壽命的影響規律時,通常試驗會采用相同的von Mises等效應力作為參量,該應力的幅值可采用“最小外接橢圓[26]”法計算,定義von Mises等效應力的幅值為加載路徑最小外接橢圓長短半軸平方和的根。多軸疲勞載荷下的von Mises等效應力可以表示為
σeqt=σ2xt+3τ2xyt,(5)
式(5)在數學上表示點(σxt,3τxyt)到坐標原點的距離。在多軸疲勞載荷下,von Mises等效應力路徑同樣是一個橢圓,該橢圓的長短半軸可以表示為
laeq,lbeq=12σ2x,a+3τ2xy,a±σ2x,a+3τ2xy,a2-12σ2x,aτ2xy,asin2δ。(6)
因此,根據“最小外接橢圓”法,von Mises等效應力幅值如下所示:
σeq,a=l2aeq+l2beq=σ2x,a+3τ2xy,a。(7)
對于單軸拉壓,則有σeq,a=σx,a;對于純扭,則有σeq,a=3τxy,a。
1.2 等效S-N曲線
在參考文獻[26][27]中,根據30CrMnSiA鋼的單軸、多軸疲勞試驗過程和結果,在研究應力幅比對多軸疲勞壽命的影響時,采用了相同的等效von Mises應力幅值。試驗結果表明:不同相位差下的疲勞壽命隨應力幅比增大而增大。因此,考慮將單軸拉壓疲勞試驗的應力幅值與純扭疲勞試驗的應力幅值分別用von Mises等效應力幅值表示,將單軸拉壓和純扭的S-N曲線轉變為等效von Mises應力幅值壽命曲線,單軸拉壓等效S-N曲線如式(8)所示:
logNf=6.957 7-1.229 4logσx,a-565.25。(8)
純扭載荷下的等效S-N曲線如(9)所示:
logNf=39.041-11.659log3τxy,a。(9)
式(8)和式(9)中,σx,a和τxy,a的單位均為兆帕(MPa)。對于不同應力幅比及相位差下的多軸疲勞試驗,多軸疲勞壽命分布在2條等效S-N曲線之間,如圖2所示。由此可以知道,隨著應力幅比的增大,疲勞壽命的變化規律取決于單軸拉壓與純扭的等效von Mises S-N曲線。
Papadopoulos[15-17]認為對于硬金屬(純扭疲勞極限與單拉疲勞極限的比值處于1/3~0.8之間),相位差的影響可以忽略。對于30CrMnSiA鋼,對應于106循環壽命的條件疲勞極限比值為0.69,屬于硬金屬,試驗結果同樣表明相位差對多軸疲勞壽命的影響并不顯著,如圖3所示。
1.3 壽命預測方法
在相等的等效von Mises應力幅值下,分別定義單軸拉壓和純扭的疲勞壽命為NT和NS,采用式(10)估算不同應力幅比下的多軸疲勞壽命。
logNλ=λ1+λlogNS-logNT+logNT。(10)
當存在平均應力時,采用Goodman準則將正應力或切應力等效為應力比為-1時的應力幅值,定義等效應力幅比為
λ=τxy,aσx,a=τxy,a1-τxy,mτuσx,a1-σx,mσu。(11)
存在平均應力時,等效應力幅值表示為
σeq,a=σx,a2+3τxy,a2。(12)
采用等效S-N曲線進行多軸疲勞壽命預估步驟如下:
1)采用von Mises應力幅值擬合單軸拉壓和純扭S-N曲線;
2)根據式(12)計算得到等效應力幅值,并分別計算該等效應力幅值下單軸拉壓和純扭的疲勞壽命;
3)根據式(11)計算得到等效應力幅比,代入式(10)計算多軸疲勞壽命。
對于存在相位差的情況,采用該方法進行壽命預估時,其預測結果與相位差δ=0°時的情況相同。
2 預測方法驗證
使用30CrMnSiA鋼多軸疲勞試驗結果,同時選取文獻中共8種金屬材料共計318個數據點驗證本研究所提出的快速壽命預測方法,8種材料的單軸拉壓及純扭S-N曲線擬合結果及擬合優度見表1。
9種金屬材料的預測結果與試驗結果的對比如圖4所示,經過數據統計表明,超過94.0%的數據點都處于±3倍疲勞壽命分散帶之內,大約81.8%的數據點都處于±2倍疲勞壽命分散帶之內,本文所提出的快速壽命預測方法具有一定的適用性。
3 結 論
基于加載參量對30CrMnSiA鋼多軸疲勞壽命的影響規律,考慮多軸疲勞加載路徑的特點,提出了等效S-N曲線的概念,在此基礎上建立了一種多軸高周疲勞壽命快速預測方法。為了驗證該方法的適用性,對文獻中多種材料的試驗結果進行了預測。通過本研究,可以得到如下結論:
1)在相同的等效von Mises應力幅值下,多軸加載疲勞壽命通常分布于單軸拉壓和純扭S-N曲線之間;
2)建立的多軸高周疲勞壽命快速預測方法對于多種材料預測結果顯示超過94.0%的數據點均處于±3倍疲勞壽命分散帶之內,81.8%以上的數據點處于±2倍疲勞壽命分散帶之內;
3)建立的多軸高周疲勞壽命快速預測方法參數獲取簡單,便于工程應用,并具備較強的適用性。
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(編輯 鄭 潔)
收稿日期:2021-04-16 "網絡出版日期:2021-07-09
基金項目:國家自然科學基金資助項目(11172021)。
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(11172021).
作者簡介:劉天奇(1988—),男,博士,主要從事民用飛機結構疲勞及損傷容限研究。
通信作者:劉浩(1980—),男,博士,主要從事金屬材料復雜環境疲勞失效研究,(E-mail)liuhaocqu@cqu.edu.cn.