999精品在线视频,手机成人午夜在线视频,久久不卡国产精品无码,中日无码在线观看,成人av手机在线观看,日韩精品亚洲一区中文字幕,亚洲av无码人妻,四虎国产在线观看 ?

園藝作物果實蘋果酸代謝與轉(zhuǎn)運及其調(diào)控研究進展

2023-12-29 18:12:19陳雷齊希梁石彩云董媛鑫宋露露劉聰利李明
果樹學(xué)報 2023年12期

陳雷 齊希梁 石彩云 董媛鑫 宋露露 劉聰利 李明

摘? ? 要:番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等園藝作物是典型的蘋果酸型果實,其果實酸度主要取決于液泡中蘋果酸的積累量。蘋果酸不僅決定果實的風味品質(zhì),還可作為呼吸底物為植物體提供必需的物質(zhì)和能量,在調(diào)節(jié)植物細胞滲透勢、酸堿平衡、抗逆性等方面起著重要作用。蘋果酸代謝途徑比較復(fù)雜,涉及眾多結(jié)構(gòu)催化酶的參與,而蘋果酸主要貯存于液泡中,從細胞質(zhì)向液泡的跨膜運輸和儲存是復(fù)雜的生物學(xué)過程,需要多種轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白、質(zhì)子泵的參與。總結(jié)了蘋果酸型果實酸度性狀遺傳研究、轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白及質(zhì)子泵在蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運中的作用,并將轉(zhuǎn)錄因子對蘋果酸的代謝調(diào)控進行了概述,以深入理解蘋果酸代謝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),為園藝作物品質(zhì)育種提供理論基礎(chǔ)。

關(guān)鍵詞:園藝作物;果實;蘋果酸;代謝;質(zhì)子泵;轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白;調(diào)控

中圖分類號:S66 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2023)12-2598-12

收稿日期:2023-07-10 接受日期:2023-09-25

基金項目:國家自然科學(xué)基金青年基金項目(3210180675);中國農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新工程專項經(jīng)費(CAAS-ASTIP-2023-ZFRI)

作者簡介:陳雷,男,在讀碩士研究生,研究方向為果樹遺傳育種。E-mail:1416744170@qq.com

*通信作者 Author for correspondence. E-mail:liming06@caas.cn;E-mail:liucongli@caas.cn

Advances in research of malate metabolism and regulation in fruit of horticultural crops

CHEN Lei, QI Xiliang, SHI Caiyun, DONG Yuanxin, SONG Lulu, LIU Congli*, LI Ming*

(Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, CAAS, Zhengzhou 450009, Henan, China)

Abstract: Acidity is an important part of the sensory quality of fruit. Malic acid is the main organic acid in ripe fruits of tomatoes, apples, pears, and jujubes. Malic acid not only determines fruit acidity and quality but also has multiple important functions in the plant. Malate is well known as a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and is imported into mitochondria as a respiratory substrate. Malate also participates the glyoxalate cycle pathway and is closely related to plant primary metabolism, carbon cycling, and carbohydrate accumulation. Malate plays an important role in regulating the osmotic potential, pH balance, and stress resistance in horticultural crops. Thus, it is of important theoretical significance and practical value for high-quality breeding programs as well as the study of the mechanism underlying malic acid biosynthesis and transport in fruits. Malic acid is synthesized in the cytoplasm, accumulated in the vacuole during the early stages of fruit development, and used as a respiratory substrate during fruit ripening. Malate accumulation is affected by synthesis, transport, and metabolism, and involves the participation of numerous catalytic enzymes. Malate metabolism is a complex biological system influenced not only by genetic factors but also by environmental factors, agronomic practices, and post-harvest treatments. In the cytoplasm of fruit, glycogen is converted to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through the glycolytic pathway. PEP is carboxylated by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) to produce oxaloacetate (OAA), which is the first step of malic acid synthesis. Then, malate synthesis is catalyzed by cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyMDH) and cytosolic NADP-dependent malic enzyme (cyME). The cyMDH is a key enzyme involved in malate synthesis and catalyzes the conversion reaction from OAA to malate, while cyME is an important malate-degrading enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of malate to pyruvate in the cytoplasm. In addition, malate accumulation is regulated by transmembrane transport between the vacuole and cytoplasm. The transmembrane transport of malic acid requires not only a proton pump to provide energy but also the assistance of channel proteins or transmembrane transporters. The main vacuolar transporters, such as the tonoplast-localized malate transporter (tDT) and aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT), participate in the transmembrane transport and accumulation of malate in the fruit. Among the ALMT family members, ALMT9 is the most widely studied gene. Apple Ma1 gene is a key malate transporter responsible for differences in malic acid content between wild and cultivated fruits. SlALMT9 is considered to be responsible for variation in malate content in the fruit among tomato genotypes. VvALMT9, a homolog of AtALMT9 in grapes, is a vacuolar malate channel that mediates the accumulation of malate and tartrate in the vacuoles of grape berries. Tonoplast proton pumps such as vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase, VHA), vacuolar-type H+-pumping pyrophosphatase (V-PPase, VHP), and P-ATPase (PHA) generate the driving force for vacuolar acidification by transporting protons across the membrane into the vacuole. In petunia flowers, the P-type proton pump genes PhPH1 and PhPH5 interact with each other and form a complex to promote vacuolar acidification. MdPH1 and MdPH5, homologs of PhPH1 and PhPH5 in apples, have been identified and shown to be involved in vacuolar acidification and malate accumulation. Another P-type proton pump gene Ma10 in apples was found to be significantly correlated with malic acid accumulation, explaining about 8% of the variation in fruit acidity phenotypes in natural apple populations. Increasing evidences showed that transcription factors, such as MYB, bHLH, WRKY, and ERF family members, participate in the regulation of malate transporters and proton pumps. In apples, MdMYB1, MdMYB44, and MdMYB73 regulate malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in fruits by activating or repressing the promoter activities of the malate transporter and proton pump genes. Apart from MYB transcription factors, other transcription factors, such as bHLH and WRKY, are also involved in the regulation of malic acid accumulation and vacuolar acidification. In petunia, AN1 (bHLH transcription factor) can form a complex with AN11-PH4 to positively regulate vacuolar acidification and thus affects pH. In apples, MdbHLH3, a homolog of AN1 regulates malate accumulation in fruit by directly activating the expression of the malate dehydrogenase gene MdcyMDH. MdbHLH3 forms a complex with MdMYB1 to promote pulp anthocyanin and malate accumulation. In tomatoes, SlWRKY42 directly binds to the promoter of SlALMT9, repressing its transcription, and thereby inhibiting malate accumulation in tomato fruit. ZjWRKY7 transcription factor activates the transcription of ZjALMT4 by the W-box region of the high-acidity genotype in sour jujube, thereby promoting malate accumulation, whereas the binding ability was weakened in jujube. This paper summarizes the mechanism of malate accumulation in horticultural crops, such as tomato, apple, pear, and jujube, and provides an overview of the role of transporters, proton pumps, and upstream transcription factors responsible for malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification, which will provide a theoretical basis for quality breeding in horticultural crops.

Key words: Horticultural crops; Fruit; Malate; Metabolism; Proton pump; Transporter protein; Regulation

有機酸是影響園藝作物果實風味品質(zhì)的重要因素,番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等園藝作物屬于蘋果酸型果實,蘋果酸是成熟果實有機酸的主要成分,其果實酸度主要取決于液泡中蘋果酸的積累量。蘋果酸不但決定著果實的風味品質(zhì),同時作為呼吸代謝底物參與到細胞質(zhì)的糖酵解、線粒體中三羧酸循環(huán)(TCA)、乙醛酸循環(huán)等過程,為植物體提供能量物質(zhì)[1-2]。此外,蘋果酸對果實花青苷具有共色作用,可以通過增強花青苷的穩(wěn)定性影響果實色澤形成[3-4]。目前研究表明,液泡膜蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白與質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運起重要作用[5-7]。蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白主要負責蘋果酸的跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運[8];而質(zhì)子泵將H+轉(zhuǎn)運到液泡內(nèi),促使液泡內(nèi)外形成較大的pH梯度和電化學(xué)梯度,為蘋果酸跨液泡膜運輸提供動力[9]。筆者結(jié)合前人研究,從果實酸度遺傳學(xué)研究、蘋果酸合成降解途徑、蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和質(zhì)子泵類型及功能、轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控因子等方面進行總結(jié),闡述蘋果酸代謝轉(zhuǎn)運機制,對園藝作物優(yōu)質(zhì)品種的選育具有重要理論意義與應(yīng)用價值。

1 植物蘋果酸功能

蘋果酸主要以蘋果酸酯的形式廣泛存在植物體中,分布于根、莖、葉、果實等多種組織器官,不但決定果實風味和品質(zhì),同時作為呼吸代謝的底物參與細胞質(zhì)的糖酵解、線粒體中三羧酸循環(huán)(TCA)、乙醛酸循環(huán)等過程,為植物體提供能量物質(zhì)。此外,蘋果酸還參與植物體內(nèi)pH平衡、植物細胞滲透勢調(diào)節(jié)等代謝過程[1-2]。植物根系分泌的蘋果酸,可以解除鋁離子的毒害作用,促進對營養(yǎng)成分的吸收,為根際土壤微生物提供良好的環(huán)境[10]。在蘋果和棗中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),野生型果實蘋果酸含量顯著高于栽培型品種,這種現(xiàn)象可能是自然選擇的結(jié)果,果實中較高的酸度水平能夠幫助植物抵御外界不良環(huán)境而生存下來[7,10-12]。

2 園藝作物果實蘋果酸遺傳學(xué)水平研究進展

在園藝作物中,果實酸度屬于數(shù)量性狀遺傳,受自身和外界等多種因素的影響,其中遺傳因素是影響果實酸度的重要因素。以桃、蘋果、番茄和杏為代表的蘋果酸型果實在有關(guān)果實酸度的遺傳研究中表明,果實酸度由多個基因協(xié)同控制,遺傳機制較為復(fù)雜。控制桃果實酸度的主效基因位于第5號染色體頂端,又命名為D位點,且低酸為顯性性狀[13];Wang等[14]結(jié)合全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析和BSA-seq技術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)第5號染色體上存在調(diào)控桃果實有機酸積累的主效基因PpTST1。在蘋果中,多數(shù)研究者一致認為蘋果果實酸含量由一對主效基因(Ma/ma)和其他多基因控制,位于16號染色體頂端的Ma位點是控制蘋果成熟果實酸度的主效QTL,其中編碼鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的Ma1基因是主效基因,且相對于ma1具有不完全顯性特征,顯性純合體Ma1/Ma1為高酸,雜合體Ma1/ma1表現(xiàn)為中酸,在同一基因型內(nèi)株系間表現(xiàn)出連續(xù)性酸度變異,則是多基因控制的結(jié)果[5,15-16];除Ma1基因外,在多個遺傳群體中均檢測到位于8號染色體的另一個主效QTL位點,其中編碼P型質(zhì)子泵的Ma10基因?qū)麑嵦O果酸的積累起重要作用[17]。Sauvage等[18]利用163份番茄種質(zhì)中的19種主要代謝物和5995個SNPs進行mGWAS研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)第6號染色體的SNP位點與果實蘋果酸含量相關(guān)。Ye等[6]結(jié)合全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析和BSA技術(shù)進一步證實第6號染色體上存在調(diào)控果實蘋果酸的主效基因SlALMT9,該基因與蘋果Ma1基因具有較高的同源性。Dondini等[19]基于F1群體進行QTL定位,發(fā)現(xiàn)杏果實酸度是多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,在4、5、6、7、8號染色體上均檢測到QTL位點。

綜上所述,蘋果酸型果實酸度有兩種遺傳方式:一種是主效基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,高酸/中酸/低酸由一對主效基因控制,低酸性狀的顯隱性因樹種而異;另一種是多基因控制的數(shù)量性狀,多數(shù)品種雜交后代果實酸度性狀表現(xiàn)出連續(xù)變異。

3 園藝作物果實蘋果酸合成與降解

在果實發(fā)育前期,蘋果酸在細胞質(zhì)中合成,在液泡中積累;在果實發(fā)育后期,蘋果酸從液泡中釋放出來,在細胞質(zhì)中降解。蘋果酸代謝途徑比較復(fù)雜,涉及眾多酶參與(圖1):葉片經(jīng)光合作用制造的光合產(chǎn)物,通過韌皮部運輸?shù)焦麑?。在果實細胞質(zhì)中,糖通過糖酵解途徑生成磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP),PEP經(jīng)磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)羧化后生成草酰乙酸(OAA),這是蘋果酸合成第一步,OAA在NAD-蘋果酸脫氫酶(NAD-cyMDH)的催化下形成蘋果酸[20]。部分蘋果酸被轉(zhuǎn)運到液泡中儲存,形成果實風味品質(zhì)的重要組成因素。PEP和NAD-cyMDH是蘋果酸合成的關(guān)鍵酶[21-22]。對不同酸度類型的桃[23]、蘋果[24]、枇杷[25]、杏[26]果實分析發(fā)現(xiàn),PEPC雖然催化蘋果酸的合成,但其表達量和酶活性與果實中蘋果酸含量沒有顯著相關(guān)性,在蘋果愈傷和番茄中超表達MdcyMDH會導(dǎo)致蘋果酸含量顯著增加,同時誘導(dǎo)蘋果酸代謝相關(guān)基因上調(diào)表達,表明MdcyMDH直接參與蘋果酸合成[27]。

在果實成熟后期,部分蘋果酸通過跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運從液泡釋放出來,在細胞質(zhì)內(nèi)降解后重新合成PEP。降解過程關(guān)鍵酶包括磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(PEPCK)和蘋果酸酶(NADP-cytME)。一方面,蘋果酸可以通過NADP-cytME催化脫羧形成丙酮酸,再由丙酮酸正磷酸鹽二激酶(PPDK)反向催化生成PEP;另一方面,蘋果酸還可以通過NAD-cyMDH反向轉(zhuǎn)化為OAA,然后在PEPCK的作用下生成PEP。PEP是糖酵解和糖異生作用的中間產(chǎn)物,當果肉細胞內(nèi)沒有足夠的葡萄糖進行糖酵解時,PEP可在果糖1,6-二磷酸酶和葡萄糖激酶等的作用下反向合成葡萄糖,實現(xiàn)果實蘋果酸向可溶性糖的轉(zhuǎn)變,此轉(zhuǎn)變過程通過糖異生途徑來實現(xiàn)[28-30]。

4 園藝作物果實蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運

蘋果酸主要貯存于液泡中,液泡中的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運與果實酸度密切相關(guān),迄今為止,控制果實蘋果酸含量的關(guān)鍵基因多為蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運相關(guān)基因。蘋果酸的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運不僅需要質(zhì)子泵來提供能量,還需要蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和離子通道蛋白的協(xié)助,目前研究較多的是液泡膜二羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(tonoplast dicarboxylate transporter,tDT/TDT)和鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(aluminum-activated malate transporter,ALMT)(表1)。

4.1 蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白

擬南芥液泡膜二羧酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(AttDT)是最早發(fā)現(xiàn)的一類具有蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運特性的蛋白,定位于液泡膜上,主要參與蘋果酸在液泡和細胞質(zhì)之間的跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運,還參與調(diào)節(jié)植物細胞pH動態(tài)平衡[37]。現(xiàn)已在番茄(SlTDT)[34]、柑橘(CsCit1)[38]、梨(PbrTDT1)[39]等園藝作物中克隆到AttDT的同源基因。在擬南芥中過表達AttDT顯著提高了葉片蘋果酸含量,但降低了檸檬酸含量[40]。在番茄中同源過表達番茄SlTDT和異源過表達梨PbrTDT1后顯著提高了番茄果實蘋果酸含量,但降低了檸檬酸含量,說明其與擬南芥AttDT具有相似功能[34,39]。柑橘CsCit1則屬于檸檬酸/H+同向轉(zhuǎn)運載體,主要介導(dǎo)檸檬酸從液泡流出[38]。

4.2 蘋果酸離子通道蛋白

鋁誘導(dǎo)的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白(ALMT)是普遍存在于植物體內(nèi)的一類陰離子通道蛋白,其部分成員能夠參與到蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運[6,15,41]。擬南芥ALMT家族被分為3個亞家族,其中ALMTⅡ家族成員是一類位于液泡膜上、具有蘋果酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運功能的通道蛋白,已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)參與蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運的成員有AtALMT6和AtALMT9[42-43],其中ALMT9是發(fā)現(xiàn)最早且被廣泛研究的液泡膜蘋果酸通道蛋白[44]。在葡萄中,AtALMT9同源基因VvALMT9被證明可以調(diào)控果實蘋果酸和酒石酸積累[35]。在蘋果中,控制果實酸度的主效候選基因Ma1編碼ALMT,其編碼框尾端單堿基G突變?yōu)锳時,翻譯提前終止,少了84個氨基酸,造成編碼的蛋白質(zhì)不完整,喪失蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運功能,不利于有機酸積累,導(dǎo)致低酸性狀形成[41]。番茄中控制果實酸度的主要候選基因SlALMT9同樣編碼ALMT蛋白。SlALMT9基因啟動子區(qū)GTC插入/缺失與自然群體中番茄果實蘋果酸含量完全連鎖[6]。棗中導(dǎo)致果實蘋果酸含量自然變異的主要候選基因ZjALMT4編碼ALMT蛋白。ZjALMT4基因啟動子區(qū)W-box元件中存在SNP位點,在高酸型酸棗中,ZjWRKY7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子與ZjALMT4啟動子W-box元件相結(jié)合,正向調(diào)控其轉(zhuǎn)錄,促進蘋果酸積累;而栽培棗中W-box位點突變后降低ZjWRKY7與之結(jié)合的能力,導(dǎo)致蘋果酸積累減少。在栽培棗長期馴化過程中低酸突變基因型被選擇固定下來[7]。番茄SlALMT9基因、葡萄VvALMT9基因、蘋果Ma1基因與棗ZjALMT4基因序列同源性較高,表明園藝作物果實蘋果酸代謝調(diào)控具有一定的保守性。

4.3 其他參與蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運的蛋白

除tDT和ALMT兩種蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白之外,最近一個編碼液泡膜糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的PpTST1基因在桃中被證明與果實酸度有關(guān)。前人研究表明,液泡膜糖轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白TST是負責細胞質(zhì)葡萄糖向液泡的跨膜運輸,部分成員還具備蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)運功能[45-46]。我國科學(xué)家通過全基因組關(guān)聯(lián)分析確定了控制桃果實非酸/酸含量的關(guān)鍵基因PpTST1,該基因第三個外顯子區(qū)的單堿基突變被證實與桃果實有機酸含量連鎖。在桃和番茄中超量表達PpTST1His導(dǎo)致果實總糖含量增加、有機酸含量減少,同時導(dǎo)致蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運相關(guān)基因下調(diào)表達,表明PpTST1具備參與桃果實有機酸和糖積累的雙重功能[14]。

4.4 質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運的作用

質(zhì)子泵在液泡積累有機酸的過程中起著重要作用。目前植物中與酸度有關(guān)的是位于液泡膜上的V型[V-H+-ATPase(VHA)和V-H+-PPase(VHP)]和P型質(zhì)子泵[P-H+-ATPase(PHA)][47-51]。

4.4.1 V型質(zhì)子泵 V型質(zhì)子泵VHA和VHP分別通過水解ATP或PPi產(chǎn)生能量,可將H+從細胞質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運到液泡致使液泡酸化,也能夠為次級轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的跨膜運輸提供能量[9,52]。VHA結(jié)構(gòu)較為復(fù)雜,是由10多個不同亞基組成的復(fù)合物,而VHP僅由單一多肽組成[48,53]。然而,關(guān)于VHA和VHP在蘋果酸積累方面的研究較少。Hu等[54]在蘋果中過表達VHA亞基MdVHA-B1發(fā)現(xiàn)果實蘋果酸含量升高,鹽脅迫處理誘導(dǎo)MdVHA-B1蛋白磷酸化從而驅(qū)動蘋果酸向液泡運輸致使果肉細胞蘋果酸含量升高[55]。Yao等[52]發(fā)現(xiàn)MdVHP1過表達顯著促進轉(zhuǎn)基因蘋果愈傷組織與番茄果實中Na和蘋果酸鹽積累。Krebs等[56]研究表明擬南芥VHA突變株的葉片pH顯著高于野生型,同時突變VHA和VHP后突變體葉片pH顯著升高,說明在擬南芥中VHA和VHP共同調(diào)控著有機酸的積累,值得注意的是,在同時缺乏V-ATPase和V-PPase活性的突變體中,液泡仍保留著酸化能力,這說明可能還有其他因素參與液泡有機酸的積累[57]。

4.4.2 P型質(zhì)子泵 P型質(zhì)子泵是另外一類參與質(zhì)子轉(zhuǎn)運和液泡酸化的質(zhì)子泵家族,其中P3亞家族主要參與維持液泡內(nèi)外的pH平衡和提供跨膜運輸驅(qū)動力[58-59]。位于擬南芥細胞膜上的P型質(zhì)子泵基因AHA10最先被證實參與液泡形成和酸化過程[60]。在矮牽牛花中,F(xiàn)araco等[61]證實質(zhì)子泵基因PhPH1和PhPH5可以相互作用形成復(fù)合體,對液泡中有機酸的積累有調(diào)控作用,使花瓣呈現(xiàn)不同的顏色;蘋果中PhPH1和PhPH5同源基因MdPH1和MdPH5可能參與了液泡酸化和蘋果酸積累[33],研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)蘋果中另外一個P型質(zhì)子泵基因Ma10表達量與蘋果酸的積累顯著相關(guān),可解釋蘋果自然群體果實酸度8%左右的表型變異[31];此外,在檸檬酸型果實柑橘中也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似矮牽牛的酸度調(diào)控機制,定位于液泡膜上的P型質(zhì)子泵基因CitPH1和CitPH5/CsPH8對液泡中酸的積累有調(diào)控作用[62-64]。擬南芥AHA10基因、矮牽牛PhPH5基因、蘋果Ma10基因與柑橘CsPH8基因序列同源性較高,表明液泡膜上P型質(zhì)子泵基因在參與有機酸積累調(diào)控方面具有一定的保守性。

5 園藝作物果實蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運的調(diào)控

5.1 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子對園藝作物果實蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運的調(diào)控

越來越多研究表明蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和質(zhì)子泵相關(guān)基因的表達受到MYB、bHLH、WRKY多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控[6,21,33,48,65-68]。

5.1.1 R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 在蘋果中,R2R3-MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子MdMYB1/10、MdMYB44和MdMYB73通過直接調(diào)控液泡膜蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和質(zhì)子泵基因表達來調(diào)控果實蘋果酸積累和液泡酸化[33,66-67]。其中MdMYB1/10和MdMYB73是正調(diào)控因子,而MdMYB44是負調(diào)控因子,它們分別作用于不同的下游基因。MdMYB1直接結(jié)合并激活質(zhì)子泵基因MdVHA-B1、MdVHA-B2、MdVHA-E和MdVHP1表達,促進蘋果酸在液泡中積累[66]。MdMYB73直接激活下游質(zhì)子泵基因MdVHA-A、MdVHP1和蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白MdALMT9,從而促進果實液泡的酸化[33]。MdMYB44通過抑制Ma1、MdVHA-A3、MdVHA-D2、Ma10和MaALMT9啟動子活性,負調(diào)控蘋果果實蘋果酸積累,MdMYB44啟動子區(qū)2個遺傳變異位點被證實與蘋果果實蘋果酸含量顯著相關(guān)[66]。同時,MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子還可以與WD40蛋白和bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子形成MBW蛋白復(fù)合體,通過直接結(jié)合蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白相關(guān)基因和液泡型質(zhì)子泵基因啟動子,轉(zhuǎn)錄激活或抑制其表達,最終影響蘋果酸含量[33,66-67]。

5.1.2 bHLH和WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子 近年,除了MYB轉(zhuǎn)錄因子外,bHLH和WRKY轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在有機酸代謝中的功能也被發(fā)掘[6-7,36,62,69-70]。在矮牽牛中,AN1(bHLH轉(zhuǎn)錄因子)可以與AN11-PH4形成復(fù)合體正向調(diào)節(jié)液泡酸化,從而影響pH[47,71]。在蘋果中,AN1的同源基因MdbHLH3可以直接激活蘋果酸脫氫酶基因MdcyMDH表達,促進果實蘋果酸積累,也可以與MdMYB1形成復(fù)合體,促進果肉花青素和蘋果酸積累[21,67]。在柑橘中,AN1的同源基因CitAN1可以與CitPH4形成復(fù)合體直接激活P型質(zhì)子泵基因CitPH1和CitPH5表達,CitAN1基因突變會導(dǎo)致柑橘果實酸度降低[62]。在擬南芥中,AtWRKY46轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過負調(diào)控AtALMT1基因表達,調(diào)控蘋果酸跨膜轉(zhuǎn)運[72]。在矮牽牛中,編碼WRKY的PH3基因能夠被AN11-AN1-PH4復(fù)合物誘導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)錄,通過形成PH3-AN11-AN1-PH4復(fù)合物,誘導(dǎo)P型質(zhì)子泵基因PhPH5轉(zhuǎn)錄從而控制液泡酸度[60]。在番茄中,SlWRKY42轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過結(jié)合W-box元件來負調(diào)控SlALMT9表達,抑制番茄果實蘋果酸積累[6]。在棗中,ZjWRKY7轉(zhuǎn)錄因子通過結(jié)合W-box元件正調(diào)控ZjALMT4表達,促進酸棗果實蘋果酸積累,而栽培棗中ZjWRKY7與ZjALMT4的結(jié)合能力較弱[7]。

5.2 外界環(huán)境和栽培條件對園藝作物果實蘋果酸的調(diào)控

園藝作物果實蘋果酸的積累受很多因素的影響,包括溫度、水分、光照、礦物營養(yǎng)及土壤鹽分脅迫等[20,73]。溫度是影響果實蘋果酸積累和代謝的關(guān)鍵因素,其對園藝作物果實蘋果酸含量的影響因樹種而異,在桃、蘋果等果實發(fā)育或者貯藏期間環(huán)境溫度升高導(dǎo)致果實蘋果酸含量降低,而草莓果實發(fā)育過程暴露在較高溫度下果實蘋果酸含量升高[74-77];在葡萄和獼猴桃中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),溫度對果實蘋果酸積累的影響因發(fā)育時期而異,果實發(fā)育前期暴露在較高溫度下果實蘋果酸含量升高,但在果實發(fā)育后期暴露在較高溫度下果實蘋果酸含量減少[78-80]。水分是影響果實蘋果酸代謝的另一關(guān)鍵因子。研究表明,在大多數(shù)情況下,果實發(fā)育過程中水分供應(yīng)量與成熟果實蘋果酸含量呈負相關(guān)[81]。在蘋果、葡萄等果實發(fā)育過程中,適度干旱脅迫會提高果實中可溶性糖和蘋果酸含量[2,82-83]。光照度與蘋果酸積累關(guān)系密切,在藍莓、葡萄、蘋果等研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),光周期延長或光照增強會降低果實蘋果酸含量,如蘋果成熟時樹冠上部和外圍的果實酸度較低[84-86],葡萄套袋后造成的弱光脅迫抑制蘋果酸降解,導(dǎo)致果實蘋果酸含量增加[87]。適當增施Ca、P、K肥可降低果實蘋果酸含量,而微量元素如鐵、銅的缺乏同樣也能夠使果實酸度升高[88-89]。

綜上所述,園藝作物果實蘋果酸代謝是一個復(fù)雜的過程,外部環(huán)境條件對果實蘋果酸含量的影響錯綜復(fù)雜,因此,園藝作物果實蘋果酸的含量受自身遺傳因素、環(huán)境條件和栽培條件的共同影響。

6 總結(jié)與展望

通過數(shù)十年遺傳學(xué)研究和多組學(xué)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用,目前在以番茄、蘋果、梨、棗等為代表的蘋果酸型果實園藝作物中研究發(fā)現(xiàn),果實酸含量是一種數(shù)量性狀,受多種因素(自身和外界)的影響,而遺傳因素是影響果實酸度的重要因素,其中位于液泡膜上的蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白與質(zhì)子泵對蘋果酸跨液泡膜轉(zhuǎn)運起到重要作用,蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和質(zhì)子泵相關(guān)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平受到多種轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的調(diào)控。綜合已有的研究內(nèi)容,未來研究領(lǐng)域重點可以集中在以下幾個方面:(1)利用正向遺傳學(xué)與反向遺傳學(xué)研究相結(jié)合的技術(shù)手段開展果實蘋果酸代謝基因挖掘及功能分析;(2)開發(fā)果實酸度性狀相關(guān)分子標記,用于分子標記輔助育種;(3)挖掘調(diào)控蘋果酸代謝的轉(zhuǎn)錄因子,解析蘋果酸代謝機制;(4)研究環(huán)境因子(如溫度、水分、光照等)對蘋果酸代謝和轉(zhuǎn)運的調(diào)控機制。

參考文獻 References:

[1] FERNIE A R,CARRARI F,SWEETLOVE L J. Respiratory metabolism:Glycolysis,the TCA cycle and mitochondrial electron transport[J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology,2004,7(3):254-261.

[2] SWEETMAN C,DELUC L G,CRAMER G R,F(xiàn)ORD C M,SOOLE K L. Regulation of malate metabolism in grape berry and other developing fruits[J]. Phytochemistry,2009,70(11/12):1329-1344.

[3] CAI D B,LI X S,CHEN J L,JIANG X W,MA X Q,SUN J X,TIAN L M,VIDYARTHI S K,XU J W,PAN Z L,BAI W B. A comprehensive review on innovative and advanced stabilization approaches of anthocyanin by modifying structure and controlling environmental factors[J]. Food Chemistry,2022,366:130611.

[4] LV X R,LI L L,LU X M,WANG W X,SUN J F,LIU Y Q,MU J L,MA Q Y,WANG J. Effects of organic acids on color intensification,thermodynamics,and copigmentation interactions with anthocyanins[J]. Food Chemistry,2022,396:133691.

[5] MA B Q,LIAO L,ZHENG H Y,CHEN J,WU B H,OGUTU C,LI S H,KORBAN S S,HAN Y P. Genes encoding aluminum-activated malate transporter II and their association with fruit acidity in apple[J]. The Plant Genome,2015,8(3):1-14.

[6] YE J,WANG X,HU T X,ZHANG F X,WANG B,LI C X,YANG T X,LI H X,LU Y E,GIOVANNONI J J,ZHANG Y Y,YE Z B. An InDel in the promoter of Al-ACTIVATED MALATE TRANSPORTER9 selected during tomato domestication determines fruit malate contents and aluminum tolerance[J]. The Plant Cell,2017,29(9):2249-2268.

[7] ZHANG C M,GENG Y Q,LIU H X,WU M J,BI J X,WANG Z T,DONG X C,LI X G. Low-acidity ALUMINUM-DEPENDENT MALATE TRANSPORTER4 genotype determines malate content in cultivated jujube[J]. Plant Physiology,2023,191(1):414-427.

[8] SHIRATAKE K,MARTINOIA E. Transporters in fruit vacuoles[J]. Plant Biotechnology,2007,24(1):127-133.

[9] MARTINOIA E,MAESHIMA M,NEUHAUS H E. Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2007,58(1):83-102.

[10] FERNIE A R,MARTINOIA E. Malate. Jack of all trades or master of a few?[J]. Phytochemistry,2009,70(7):828-832.

[11] 馬百全. 蘋果資源果實糖酸性狀評估及酸度性狀的候選基因關(guān)聯(lián)分析[D]. 武漢:中國科學(xué)院武漢植物園,2016.

MA Baiquan. Comparative assessment of sugar and acid characteristics and candidate gene assocaiton analysis for acidity in apple germplasm[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan Botanical Garden,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016.

[12] 劉孟軍,王玖瑞. 新中國果樹科學(xué)研究70年:棗[J]. 果樹學(xué)報,2019,36(10):1369-1381.

LIU Mengjun,WANG Jiurui. Fruit scientific research in New China in the past 70 years:Chinese jujube[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2019,36(10):1369-1381.

[13] CAO K,LI Y,DENG C H,GARDINER S E,ZHU G R,F(xiàn)ANG W C,CHEN C W,WANG X W,WANG L R. Comparative population genomics identified genomic regions and candidate genes associated with fruit domestication traits in peach[J]. Plant Biotechnology Journal,2019,17(10):1954-1970.

[14] WANG Q,CAO K,CHENG L L,LI Y,GUO J,YANG X W,WANG J,KHAN I A,ZHU G R,F(xiàn)ANG W C,CHEN C W,WANG X W,WU J L,XU Q,WANG L R. Multi-omics approaches identify a key gene,PpTST1,for organic acid accumulation in peach[J]. Horticulture Research,2022,9:uhac026.

[15] BAI Y,DOUGHERTY L,LI M J,F(xiàn)AZIO G,CHENG L L,XU K N. A natural mutation-led truncation in one of the two aluminum-activated malate transporter-like genes at the Ma locus is associated with low fruit acidity in apple[J]. Molecular Genetics and Genomics,2012,287(8):663-678.

[16] JIA D J,SHEN F,WANG Y,WU T,XU X F,ZHANG X Z,HAN Z H. Apple fruit acidity is genetically diversified by natural variations in three hierarchical epistatic genes:MdSAUR37,MdPP2CH and MdALMTII[J]. The Plant Journal,2018,95(3):427-443.

[17] MA B Q,ZHAO S,WU B H,WANG D M,PENG Q,OWITI A,F(xiàn)ANG T,LIAO L,OGUTU C,KORBAN S S,LI S H,HAN Y P. Construction of a high density linkage map and its application in the identification of QTLs for soluble sugar and organic acid components in apple[J]. Tree Genetics & Genomes,2016,12(1):1-10.

[18] SAUVAGE C,SEGURA V,BAUCHET G,STEVENS R,DO P T,NIKOLOSKI Z,F(xiàn)ERNIE A R,CAUSSE M. Genome-wide association in tomato reveals 44 candidate loci for fruit metabolic traits[J]. Plant Physiology,2014,165(3):1120-1132.

[19] DONDINI L,DOMENICHINI C,DONG Y H,GENNARI F,BASSI D,F(xiàn)OSCHI S,LAMA M,ADAMI M,DE FRANCESCHI P,CERVELLATI C,BERGONZONI L,ALESSANDRI S,TARTARINI S. Quantitative trait loci mapping and identification of candidate genes linked to fruit acidity in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.)[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2022,13:838370.

[20] ETIENNE A,G?NARD M,LOBIT P,MBEGUI?-A-MB?GUI? D,BUGAUD C. What controls fleshy fruit acidity? A review of malate and citrate accumulation in fruit cells[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2013,64(6):1451-1469.

[21] YU J Q,GU K D,SUN C H,ZHANG Q Y,WANG J H,MA F F,YOU C X,HU D G,HAO Y J. The apple bHLH transcription factor MdbHLH3 functions in determining the fruit carbohydrates and malate[J]. Plant Biotechnology Journal,2021,19(2):285-299.

[22] BER?TER J. Carbohydrate metabolism in two apple genotypes that differ in malate accumulation[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology,2004,161(9):1011-1029.

[23] MOING A,ROTHAN C,SVANELLA L,JUST D,DIAKOU P,RAYMOND P,GAUDILL?RE J P,MONET R. Role of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in organic acid accumulation during peach fruit development[J]. Physiologia Plantarum,2000,108(1):1-10.

[24] YAO Y X,LI M,LIU Z,YOU C X,WANG D M,ZHAI H,HAO Y J. Molecular cloning of three malic acid related genes MdPEPC,MdVHA-A,MdcyME and their expression analysis in apple fruits[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2009,122(3):404-408.

[25] CHEN F X,LIU X H,CHEN L S. Developmental changes in pulp organic acid concentration and activities of acid-metabolising enzymes during the fruit development of two loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) cultivars differing in fruit acidity[J]. Food Chemistry,2009,114(2):657-664.

[26] 陳美霞,趙從凱,陳學(xué)森,郝會軍,張憲省. 杏果實發(fā)育過程中有機酸積累與相關(guān)代謝酶的關(guān)系[J]. 果樹學(xué)報,2009,26(4):471-474.

CHEN Meixia,ZHAO Congkai,CHEN Xuesen,HAO Huijun,ZHANG Xiansheng. Relationship between accumulation of organic acid and organic acid-metabolizing enzymes during apricot fruit development[J]. Journal of Fruit Science,2009,26(4):471-474

[27] YAO Y X,LI M,ZHAI H,YOU C X,HAO Y J. Isolation and characterization of an apple cytosolic malate dehydrogenase gene reveal its function in malate synthesis[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology,2011,168(5):474-480.

[28] WU W F,CHEN F X. Malate transportation and accumulation in fruit cell[J]. Endocytobiosis and Cell Research,2016,27(2):107-112.

[29] FAIT A,HANHINEVA K,BELEGGIA R,DAI N,ROGACHEV I,NIKIFOROVA V J,F(xiàn)ERNIE A R,AHARONI A. Reconfiguration of the achene and receptacle metabolic networks during strawberry fruit development[J]. Plant Physiology,2008,148(2):730-750.

[30] KATZ E,BOO K H,KIM H Y,EIGENHEER R A,PHINNEY B S,SHULAEV V,NEGRE-ZAKHAROV F,SADKA A,BLUMWALD E. Label-free shotgun proteomics and metabolite analysis reveal a significant metabolic shift during citrus fruit development[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2011,62(15):5367-5384.

[31] MA B Q,LIAO L,F(xiàn)ANG T,PENG Q,OGUTU C,ZHOU H,MA F W,HAN Y P. A Ma10 gene encoding P-type ATPase is involved in fruit organic acid accumulation in apple[J]. Plant Biotechnology Journal,2019,17(3):674-686.

[32] 張燕子. 不同蘋果糖酸組成及蘋果酸轉(zhuǎn)運體功能研究[D]. 楊凌:西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué),2010.

ZHANG Yanzi. Carbohydrates and organic acids composition of different apple genotypes & the role of malate transporter[D]. Yangling:Northwest A & F University,2010.

[33] HU D G,LI Y Y,ZHANG Q Y,LI M,SUN C H,YU J Q,HAO Y J. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor MdMYB73 is involved in malate accumulation and vacuolar acidification in apple[J]. The Plant Journal,2017,91(3):443-454.

[34] LIU R L,LI B Q,QIN G Z,ZHANG Z Q,TIAN S P. Identification and functional characterization of a tonoplast dicarboxylate transporter in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,8:186.

[35] DE ANGELI A,BAETZ U,F(xiàn)RANCISCO R,ZHANG J B,CHAVES M M,REGALADO A. The vacuolar channel VvALMT9 mediates malate and tartrate accumulation in berries of Vitis vinifera[J]. Planta,2013,238(2):283-291.

[36] ALABD A,CHENG H Y,AHMAD M,WU X Y,PENG L,WANG L,YANG S L,BAI S L,NI J B,TENG Y W. Abre-binding factor 3-wrky dna-binding protein 44 module promotes salinity-induced malate accumulation in pear[J]. Plant Physiology,2023,192(3):1982-1996.

[37] HURTH M A,SUH S J,KRETZSCHMAR T,GEIS T,BREGANTE M,GAMBALE F,MARTINOIA E,NEUHAUS H E. Impaired pH homeostasis in Arabidopsis lacking the vacuolar dicarboxylate transporter and analysis of carboxylic acid transport across the tonoplast[J]. Plant Physiology,2005,137(3):901-910.

[38] SHIMADA T,NAKANO R,SHULAEV V,SADKA A,BLUMWALD E. Vacuolar citrate/H+ symporter of citrus juice cells[J]. Planta,2006,224(2):472-480.

[39] 許林林. 梨液泡膜上PbrALMT9,PbrTDT1和PbrVHA-c4基因調(diào)控有機酸積累的功能研究[D]. 南京:南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué),2018.

XU Linlin. Functional analysis of tonoplast-localized genes,PbrALMT9,PbrTDT1 and PbrVHA-c4,regulate the accumulation of organic acids in pear[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2018.

[40] FREI B,EISENACH C,MARTINOIA E,HUSSEIN S,CHEN X Z,ARRIVAULT S,NEUHAUS H E. Purification and functional characterization of the vacuolar malate transporter tDT from Arabidopsis[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry,2018,293(11):4180-4190.

[41] LI C L,DOUGHERTY L,COLUCCIO A E,MENG D,EL-SHARKAWY I,BOREJSZA-WYSOCKA E,LIANG D,PI?EROS M A,XU K N,CHENG L L. Apple ALMT9 requires a conserved C-terminal domain for malate transport underlying fruit acidity[J]. Plant Physiology,2020,182(2):992-1006.

[42] MEYER S,SCHOLZ-STARKE J,DE ANGELI A,KOVERMANN P,BURLA B,GAMBALE F,MARTINOIA E. Malate transport by the vacuolar AtALMT6 channel in guard cells is subject to multiple regulation[J]. The Plant Journal,2011,67(2):247-257.

[43] KOVERMANN P,MEYER S,H?RTENSTEINER S,PICCO C,SCHOLZ-STARKE J,RAVERA S,LEE Y,MARTINOIA E. The Arabidopsis vacuolar malate channel is a member of the ALMT family[J]. The Plant Journal,2007,52(6):1169-1180.

[44] DE ANGELI A,ZHANG J B,MEYER S,MARTINOIA E. AtALMT9 is a malate-activated vacuolar chloride channel required for stomatal opening in Arabidopsis[J]. Nature Communications,2013,4:1804.

[45] SCHULZ A,BEYHL D,MARTEN I,WORMIT A,NEUHAUS E,POSCHET G,B?TTNER M,SCHNEIDER S,SAUER N,HEDRICH R. Proton-driven sucrose symport and antiport are provided by the vacuolar transporters SUC4 and TMT1/2[J]. The Plant Journal,2011,68(1):129-136.

[46] CHENG R,CHENG Y S,L? J H,CHEN J Q,WANG Y Z,ZHANG S L,ZHANG H P. The gene PbTMT4 from pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) mediates vacuolar sugar transport and strongly affects sugar accumulation in fruit[J]. Physiologia Plantarum,2018,164(3):307-319.

[47] VERWEIJ W,SPELT C,DI SANSEBASTIANO G P,VERMEER J,REALE L,F(xiàn)ERRANTI F,KOES R,QUATTROCCHIO F. An H+ P-ATPase on the tonoplast determines vacuolar pH and flower colour[J]. Nature Cell Biology,2008,10(12):1456-1462.

[48] HUANG X Y,WANG C K,ZHAO Y W,SUN C H,HU D G. Mechanisms and regulation of organic acid accumulation in plant vacuoles[J]. Horticulture Research,2021,8(1):227.

[49] GAO M,ZHAO H Y,ZHENG L T,ZHANG L H,PENG Y J,MA W F,TIAN R,YUAN Y Y,MA F W,LI M J,MA B Q. Overexpression of apple Ma12,a mitochondrial pyrophosphatase pump gene,leads to malic acid accumulation and the upregulation of malate dehydrogenase in tomato and apple calli[J]. Horticulture Research,2022,9:uhab053.

[50] MARTINOIA E. Vacuolar transporters - companions on a longtime journey[J]. Plant Physiology,2018,176(2):1384-1407.

[51] 石彩云,劉麗,魏志峰,高登濤,劉永忠. 園藝植物質(zhì)子泵及其對有機酸積累調(diào)控的研究進展[J]. 園藝學(xué)報,2022,49(12):2611-2621.

SHI Caiyun,LIU Li,WEI Zhifeng,GAO Dengtao,LIU Yongzhong. Research progress of proton pumps and their regulation in organic acid accumulation in horticultural plants[J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2022,49(12):2611-2621.

[52] YAO Y X,DONG Q L,YOU C X,ZHAI H,HAO Y J. Expression analysis and functional characterization of apple MdVHP1 gene reveals its involvement in Na+,malate and soluble sugar accumulation[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry,2011,49(10):1201-1208.

[53] REA P A,KIM Y,SARAFIAN V,POOLE R J,DAVIES J M,SANDERS D. Vacuolar H+-translocating pyrophosphatases:A new category of ion translocase[J]. Trends in Biochemical Sciences,1992,17(9):348-353.

[54] HU D G,SUN M H,SUN C H,LIU X,ZHANG Q Y,ZHAO J,HAO Y J. Conserved vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit B1 improves salt stress tolerance in apple calli and tomato plants[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2015,197:107-116.

[55] HU D G,SUN C H,SUN M H,HAO Y J. MdSOS2L1 phosphorylates MdVHA-B1 to modulate malate accumulation in response to salinity in apple[J]. Plant Cell Reports,2016,35(3):705-718.

[56] KREBS M,BEYHL D,G?RLICH E,AL-RASHEID K A S,MARTEN I,STIERHOF Y D,HEDRICH R,SCHUMACHER K. Arabidopsis V-ATPase activity at the tonoplast is required for efficient nutrient storage but not for sodium accumulation[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2010,107(7):3251-3256.

[57] KRIEGEL A,ANDR?S Z,MEDZIHRADSZKY A,KR?GER F,SCHOLL S,DELANG S,PATIR-NEBIOGLU M G,GUTE G,YANG H B,MURPHY A S,PEER W A,PFEIFFER A,KREBS M,LOHMANN J U,SCHUMACHER K. Job sharing in the endomembrane system:Vacuolar acidification requires the combined activity of V-ATPase and V-PPase[J]. The Plant Cell,2015,27(12):3383-3396.

[58] ZHANG Y X,LI Q H,XU L L,QIAO X,LIU C X,ZHANG S L. Comparative analysis of the P-type ATPase gene family in seven Rosaceae species and an expression analysis in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.)[J]. Genomics,2020,112(3):2550-2563.

[59] LI Y B,PROVENZANO S,BLIEK M,SPELT C,APPELHAGEN I,DE FARIA L M,VERWEIJ W,SCHUBERT A,SAGASSER M,SEIDEL T,WEISSHAAR B,KOES R,QUATTROCCHIO F. Evolution of tonoplast P-ATPase transporters involved in vacuolar acidification[J]. New Phytologist,2016,211(3):1092-1107.

[60] VERWEIJ W,SPELT C E,BLIEK M,DE VRIES M,WIT N,F(xiàn)ARACO M,KOES R,QUATTROCCHIO F M. Functionally similar WRKY proteins regulate vacuolar acidification in Petunia and hair development in Arabidopsis[J]. The Plant Cell,2016,28(3):786-803.

[61] FARACO M,SPELT C,BLIEK M,VERWEIJ W,HOSHINO A,ESPEN L,PRINSI B,JAARSMA R,TARHAN E,DE BOER A H,DI SANSEBASTIANO G P,KOES R,QUATTROCCHIO F M. Hyperacidification of vacuoles by the combined action of two different P-ATPases in the tonoplast determines flower color[J]. Cell Reports,2014,6(1):32-43.

[62] STRAZZER P,SPELT C E,LI S J,BLIEK M,F(xiàn)EDERICI C T,ROOSE M L,KOES R,QUATTROCCHIO F M. Hyperacidification of Citrus fruits by a vacuolar proton-pumping P-ATPase complex[J]. Nature Communications,2019,10:744.

[63] SHI C Y,HUSSAIN S B,YANG H,BAI Y X,KHAN M A,LIU Y Z. CsPH8,a P-type proton pump gene,plays a key role in the diversity of citric acid accumulation in citrus fruits[J]. Plant Science,2019,289:110288.

[64] SHI C Y,SONG R Q,HU X M,LIU X,JIN L F,LIU Y Z. Citrus PH5-like H(+)-ATPase genes:Identification and transcript analysis to investigate their possible relationship with citrate accumulation in fruits[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2015,6:135.

[65] JIA D J,WU P,SHEN F,LI W,ZHENG X D,WANG Y Z,YUAN Y B,ZHANG X Z,HAN Z H. Genetic variation in the promoter of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor determines fruit malate content in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)[J]. Plant Physiology,2021,186(1):549-568.

[66] HU D G,SUN C H,MA Q J,YOU C X,CHENG L L,HAO Y J. MdMYB1 regulates anthocyanin and malate accumulation by directly facilitating their transport into vacuoles in apples[J]. Plant Physiology,2016,170(3):1315-1330.

[67] ZHANG L H,MA B Q,WANG C Z,CHEN X Y,RUAN Y L,YUAN Y Y,MA F W,LI M J. MdWRKY126 modulates malate accumulation in apple fruit by regulating cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MdMDH5)[J]. Plant Physiology,2022,188(4):2059-2072.

[68] XIONG T T,TAN Q Q,LI S S,MAZARS C,GALAUD J P,ZHU X Y. Interactions between calcium and ABA signaling pathways in the regulation of fruit ripening[J]. Journal of Plant Physiology,2021,256:153309.

[69] AMATO A,CAVALLINI E,WALKER A R,PEZZOTTI M,BLIEK M,QUATTROCCHIO F,KOES R,RUPERTI B,BERTINI E,ZENONI S,TORNIELLI G B. The MYB5-driven MBW complex recruits a WRKY factor to enhance the expression of targets involved in vacuolar hyper-acidification and trafficking in grapevine[J]. The Plant Journal,2019,99(6):1220-1241.

[70] AMATO A,CAVALLINI E,ZENONI S,F(xiàn)INEZZO L,BEGHELDO M,RUPERTI B,TORNIELLI G B. A grapevine TTG2-like WRKY transcription factor is involved in regulating vacuolar transport and flavonoid biosynthesis[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,7:1979.

[71] SPELT C,QUATTROCCHIO F,MOL J,KOES R. ANTHOCYANIN1 of petunia controls pigment synthesis,vacuolar pH,and seed coat development by genetically distinct mechanisms[J]. The Plant Cell,2002,14(9):2121-2135.

[72] DING Z J,YAN J Y,XU X Y,LI G X,ZHENG S J. WRKY46 functions as a transcriptional repressor of ALMT1,regulating aluminum-induced malate secretion in Arabidopsis[J]. The Plant Journal,2013,76(5):825-835.

[73] CEUSTERS J,BORLAND A M,DE PROFT M P. Drought adaptation in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism involves the flexible use of different storage carbohydrate pools[J]. Plant Signaling & Behavior,2009,4(3):212-214.

[74] LOBIT P,GENARD M,SOING P,HABIB R. Modelling malic acid accumulation in fruits:Relationships with organic acids,potassium,and temperature[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2006,57(6):1471-1483.

[75] KWEON H J,KANG I K,KIM M J,LEE J,MOON Y S,CHOI C,CHOI D G,WATKINS C B. Fruit maturity,controlled atmosphere delays and storage temperature affect fruit quality and incidence of storage disorders of ‘Fuji apples[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2013,157:60-64.

[76] OLMEDO P,ZEPEDA B,DELGADO-RIOSECO J,LEIVA C,MORENO A A,SAGREDO K,BLANCO-HERRERA F,PEDRESCHI R,INFANTE R,MENESES C,CAMPOS-VARGAS R. Metabolite profiling reveals the effect of cold storage on primary metabolism in nectarine varieties with contrasting mealiness[J]. Plants,2023,12(4):766.

[77] WANG S Y,CAMP M J. Temperatures after bloom affect plant growth and fruit quality of strawberry[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2000,85(3):183-199.

[78] RICHARDSON A C,MARSH K B,BOLDINGH H L,PICKERING A H,BULLEY S M,F(xiàn)REARSON N J,F(xiàn)ERGUSON A R,THORNBER S E,BOLITHO K M,MACRAE E A. High growing temperatures reduce fruit carbohydrate and vitamin C in kiwifruit[J]. Plant,Cell & Environment,2004,27(4):423-435.

[79] LAKSO A N,KLIEWER W M. The influence of temperature on malic acid metabolism in grape berries. II. Temperature responses of net dark CO2 fixation and malic acid pools[J]. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1978,29(3):145-149.

[80] SWEETMAN C,SADRAS V O,HANCOCK R D,SOOLE K L,F(xiàn)ORD C M. Metabolic effects of elevated temperature on organic acid degradation in ripening Vitis vinifera fruit[J]. Journal of Experimental Botany,2014,65(20):5975-5988.

[81] WU B H,G?NARD M,LESCOURRET F,GOMEZ L,LI S H. Influence of assimilate and water supply on seasonal variation of acids in peach (cv. Suncrest)[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2002,82(15):1829-1836.

[82] MA W F,LI Y B,NAI G J,LIANG G P,MA Z H,CHEN B H,MAO J. Changes and response mechanism of sugar and organic acids in fruits under water deficit stress[J]. PeerJ,2022,10:e13691.

[83] WANG Y J,LIU L,WANG Y,TAO H X,F(xiàn)AN J L,ZHAO Z Y,GUO Y P. Effects of soil water stress on fruit yield,quality and their relationship with sugar metabolism in ‘Gala apple[J]. Scientia Horticulturae,2019,258:108753.

[84] SIM I,SUH D H,SINGH D,DO S G,MOON K H,LEE J H,KU K M,LEE C H. Unraveling metabolic variation for blueberry and chokeberry cultivars harvested from different geo-climatic regions in Korea[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2017,65(41):9031-9040.

[85] RESHEF N,WALBAUM N,AGAM N,F(xiàn)AIT A. Sunlight modulates fruit metabolic profile and shapes the spatial pattern of compound accumulation within the grape cluster[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2017,8:70.

[86] 張振英,宋來慶,劉美英,趙玲玲,唐巖,孫燕霞,姜中武. 郁閉果園不同部位光照條件對煙富3號蘋果果實品質(zhì)的影響[J]. 山東農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué),2013,45(9):42-44.

ZHANG Zhenying,SONG Laiqing,LIU Meiying,ZHAO Lingling,TANG Yan,SUN Yanxia,JIANG Zhongwu. Analysis on apple fruit quality of Yanfu 3 under different light conditions in closing orchard[J]. Shandong Agricultural Sciences,2013,45(9):42-44.

[87] DEBOLT S,RISTIC R,ILAND P G,F(xiàn)ORD C M. Altered light interception reduces grape berry weight and modulates organic acid biosynthesis during development[J]. HortScience,2008,43(3):957-961.

[88] BAI Q,SHEN Y Y,HUANG Y. Advances in mineral nutrition transport and signal transduction in Rosaceae fruit quality and postharvest storage[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science,2021,12:620018.

[89] ZHANG W,ZHANG X,WANG Y F,ZHANG N S,GUO Y P,REN X L,ZHAO Z Y. Potassium fertilization arrests malate accumulation and alters soluble sugar metabolism in apple fruit[J]. Biology Open,2018,7(12):bio024745.

主站蜘蛛池模板: 一本视频精品中文字幕| 精品人妻无码区在线视频| 国产午夜在线观看视频| 久操中文在线| 午夜国产精品视频| 久久久久久国产精品mv| 午夜毛片免费看| 欧美不卡视频一区发布| 五月天丁香婷婷综合久久| 亚洲美女操| 麻豆精品在线播放| 67194亚洲无码| 欧美色99| 亚洲人成网站观看在线观看| 国产精品人人做人人爽人人添| 国产99视频精品免费视频7| 日韩色图在线观看| 欧美国产日本高清不卡| 亚洲第一精品福利| 伊人福利视频| 亚洲一级毛片免费观看| 欧美亚洲另类在线观看| 国产福利2021最新在线观看| 一区二区三区四区精品视频| 最新痴汉在线无码AV| 喷潮白浆直流在线播放| 日韩在线影院| 中文天堂在线视频| 久草热视频在线| 欧美在线黄| 97在线视频免费观看| 国产99热| 国产亚洲精品va在线| 亚洲精品视频免费| 国产日韩丝袜一二三区| 欧美丝袜高跟鞋一区二区| 国产成人做受免费视频| 97色婷婷成人综合在线观看| 99热最新网址| 欧美劲爆第一页| 国产一级片网址| 91成人免费观看| 久久天天躁夜夜躁狠狠| 亚洲嫩模喷白浆| 九色视频一区| 九九九久久国产精品| 伊人久久精品无码麻豆精品 | 国产jizz| a在线亚洲男人的天堂试看| 欧美激情综合一区二区| 国产成人综合久久精品尤物| 亚洲精品视频免费看| 亚洲AV无码乱码在线观看代蜜桃 | 26uuu国产精品视频| 亚洲日韩高清无码| 最新精品国偷自产在线| 亚洲小视频网站| 久综合日韩| 亚洲无码91视频| 欧美中文字幕一区| 国产精品国产主播在线观看| 国产精品主播| 久久精品最新免费国产成人| 国产成人在线无码免费视频| 欧美人与牲动交a欧美精品 | 欧美精品高清| 亚洲中文无码av永久伊人| 高清欧美性猛交XXXX黑人猛交| 中文字幕永久视频| 亚洲天堂在线视频| 在线国产你懂的| 免费在线看黄网址| 中文字幕有乳无码| 久久一级电影| 日韩中文欧美| 三上悠亚在线精品二区| 国产偷国产偷在线高清| 亚洲第七页| 亚洲精品波多野结衣| 国产精品三级av及在线观看| 国产欧美视频在线观看| 亚洲无码视频一区二区三区 |