蔡森林,吳少杰,周艷峰,唐儀,方主亭
中老年健康體檢人群三酰甘油–葡萄糖指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈硬化的相關(guān)性研究
蔡森林,吳少杰,周艷峰,唐儀,方主亭
福建省立醫(yī)院血管與腫瘤介入科 福建醫(yī)科大學(xué)省立臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,福建福州 350001
探索中老年健康體檢人群三酰甘油–葡萄糖指數(shù)(triglyceride-glucose index,TyG指數(shù))與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的相關(guān)性。選取2018年6月至2019年11月福建省立醫(yī)院的1935名健康體檢人群為研究對象,完善病史采集、體格檢查,測定生化指標(biāo)和踝肱指數(shù)(ankle brachial index,ABI),計(jì)算TyG指數(shù)。Spearman相關(guān)分析評估TyG指數(shù)與心血管代謝指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性。分別采用多元線性回歸、二元Logistic回歸評估TyG指數(shù)與ABI的關(guān)聯(lián),繪制限制性立方樣條圖。TyG指數(shù)與年齡、體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)、收縮壓、舒張壓、總膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)、糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、血清肌酐均呈正相關(guān)(<0.01),與高密度脂蛋白膽固醇呈負(fù)相關(guān)(<0.001)。多元線性回歸提示,調(diào)整協(xié)變量后,TyG指數(shù)、年齡、LDL-C、HbA1c與ABI顯著相關(guān)(<0.001)。二元Logistic回歸提示TyG指數(shù)每升高0.01,下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高1.21倍(=0.031)。限制性立方樣條圖顯示隨著TyG指數(shù)升高,下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸增加。在TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系中,亞組分析未發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、性別、BMI、高血壓、糖尿病病史與TyG指數(shù)之間存在顯著交互作用。中老年健康體檢人群中,TyG指數(shù)與心血管代謝指標(biāo)及ABI顯著相關(guān),TyG指數(shù)是下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
三酰甘油–葡萄糖指數(shù);下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化;踝肱指數(shù);胰島素抵抗
周圍動(dòng)脈疾?。╬eripheral artery disease,PAD)是一種慢性動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性疾病,可導(dǎo)致一系列肢體相關(guān)并發(fā)癥,如間歇性跛行、缺血性靜息痛、潰瘍、壞疽;PAD患者缺血性腦卒中、心肌梗死和心血管死亡的發(fā)生率明顯增加[1]。近年來,PAD的發(fā)病率逐年上升,65歲以上人群外周動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)病率可達(dá)20%,有5年以上糖尿病病史的患者常合并不同程度的周圍血管病變[2]。踝肱指數(shù)(ankle brachial index,ABI)≤0.9被認(rèn)為是動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性心血管疾病的獨(dú)立標(biāo)志物,被廣泛用于診斷和篩查下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化,在有癥狀的患者中診斷敏感度達(dá)95%[3]。與胰島素抵抗有關(guān)的慢性高胰島素血癥可加劇動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的進(jìn)程[4-5]。三酰甘油–葡萄糖指數(shù)(triglyceride-glucose index,TyG指數(shù))由空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,F(xiàn)PG)和三酰甘油(triacylglycerol,TG)計(jì)算得出,與高胰島素–正葡萄糖鉗夾技術(shù)試驗(yàn)的總糖代謝率及穩(wěn)態(tài)模型評估的胰島素抵抗指數(shù)具有良好的相關(guān)性,被認(rèn)為是胰島素抵抗的可靠標(biāo)志物[6]。越來越多的證據(jù)表明,TyG指數(shù)與心血管疾病[7]、2型糖尿病[8]、腦卒中[9]、動(dòng)脈硬化[10-11]及死亡[12]密切相關(guān)。中老年人為下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的高危群體,且年齡相關(guān)的骨骼肌蛋白分解可能加劇胰島素抵抗進(jìn)程[13]。本研究擬探討中老年健康體檢人群中TyG指數(shù)與ABI的關(guān)系,為下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化提供防治線索。
選取2018年6月至2019年11月福建省立醫(yī)院的1935名健康體檢人群為研究對象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡≥50歲;②相關(guān)體檢資料完整;③簽署知情同意書。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患有主動(dòng)脈縮窄、多發(fā)性大動(dòng)脈炎、動(dòng)脈纖維肌發(fā)育不良、腘動(dòng)脈陷迫綜合征、血栓閉塞性脈管炎等非動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化性血管疾病;②長期糖尿病、終末期腎病等疾病引起的動(dòng)脈嚴(yán)重鈣化(ABI>1.3);③因各種原因無法配合檢查者。本研究經(jīng)福建省立醫(yī)院倫理委員會(huì)審核批準(zhǔn)[倫理審批號(hào):倫審科研第(K2023-03-039)號(hào)]。
1.2.1 病史及生化指標(biāo)采集 詢問并記錄研究對象的一般資料、吸煙飲酒史、高血壓、糖尿病和代謝綜合征病史,測量身高、體質(zhì)量、收縮壓(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒張壓(diastolic blood pressure,DBP),計(jì)算體質(zhì)量指數(shù)(body mass index,BMI)。清晨空腹時(shí)抽取靜脈血,經(jīng)離心后提取血清檢測總膽固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、TG、FPG、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)、血清肌酐(serum creatinine,SCr)、糖化血紅蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)。
1.2.2 TyG指數(shù)計(jì)算 TyG指數(shù)=ln[TG(mg/dl)× FBG(mg/dl)/2]。
1.2.3 ABI檢測 患者仰臥位,休息至少5min,采用歐姆龍BP203-RPEⅡ型動(dòng)脈硬化檢測儀測得左右踝部收縮壓與上臂收縮壓(取左右手臂收縮壓數(shù)值高的一側(cè))的比值。根據(jù)2015年《下肢動(dòng)脈硬化閉塞癥診治指南》[14]定義ABI≤0.9為異常,提示下肢動(dòng)脈動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化或閉塞。

本研究共納入研究對象1935人,平均年齡(63.0±8.8)歲,男性占比43.2%。將研究對象按照TyG指數(shù)四分位分組,結(jié)果提示隨著TyG指數(shù)升高,年齡、高血壓、糖尿病和代謝綜合征比例、BMI、SBP、DBP、TG、TC、LDL-C、FPG、HbA1c及SCr均呈上升趨勢(<0.001),ABI、HDL-C呈下降趨勢(<0.001);四組人群在性別比例、吸煙、飲酒方面未見明顯差異(>0.05),見表1。

表1 TyG指數(shù)四分位分組的基線特征分析
注:1mmHg=0.133kPa
Spearman相關(guān)分析顯示,TyG指數(shù)與年齡、BMI、SBP、DBP、TC、LDL-C、HbA1c、SCr均呈正相關(guān)(<0.01),與HDL-C呈負(fù)相關(guān)(<0.01),見表2。

表2 TyG指數(shù)與心血管代謝指標(biāo)的Spearman相關(guān)性分析
建立多元線性回歸方程,TyG指數(shù)(非標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化系數(shù)β,–0.019;95%:–0.030~–0.008,=0.001)及年齡、LDL-C、HbA1c與ABI顯著相關(guān)(<0.001),見表3。以下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化(ABI≤0.9)為因變量,以TyG指數(shù)及心血管代謝指標(biāo)等為自變量,先后建立單因素及多因素二元Logistic回歸。單因素Logistic回歸分析提示,HDL-C與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化無明顯相關(guān)(>0.05)。將單因素Logistic回歸有意義者納入多因素Logistic回歸,結(jié)果提示在調(diào)整了年齡、性別、吸煙、飲酒、高血壓病史、糖尿病病史、BMI、TC、LDL-C、SCr后,TyG指數(shù)每升高0.01,下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)升高1.21倍(=0.031)。此外,年齡、LDL-C升高、高血壓病史、糖尿病病史也是下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立影響因素(<0.05),見表4。限制性立方樣條圖提示,調(diào)整上述協(xié)變量后,隨著TyG指數(shù)升高,下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)逐漸增加,見圖1,在TyG指數(shù)>8.21時(shí),風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加明顯。亞組分析提示在TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)系中,未發(fā)現(xiàn)TyG指數(shù)與年齡、性別、高血壓病史、糖尿病病史和BMI水平之間存在顯著交互作用(>0.05),見圖2。

表3 多元線性回歸分析TyG指數(shù)與ABI的相關(guān)性
注:以上模型調(diào)整平均動(dòng)脈壓、BMI、TC、HDL-C、HbA1c、SCr

表4 二元Logistic回歸分析TyG指數(shù)對下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的影響
注:以上模型均調(diào)整性別、吸煙史、飲酒史、BMI、TC、SCr

圖1 TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的限制性立方樣條圖
本研究旨在探索中老年健康體檢人群TyG指數(shù)與心血管代謝指標(biāo)、下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的相關(guān)性。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)TyG指數(shù)與年齡、心血管代謝指標(biāo)包括BMI、血壓、血脂和HbA1c相關(guān)。更為重要的是,調(diào)整心血管代謝指標(biāo)的混雜因素后,TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的臨床標(biāo)志物ABI顯著相關(guān),提示TyG指數(shù)是下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的危險(xiǎn)因素。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)隨著TyG指數(shù)四分位水平的增加,年齡及心血管代謝危險(xiǎn)因素包括高血壓、糖尿病和代謝綜合征發(fā)病比例、BMI、血脂和血糖代謝異常均呈增加趨勢,HDL-C水平呈下降趨勢,與既往研究結(jié)果一致[15-16]。為深入研究TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)聯(lián),本研究將ABI作為連續(xù)變量和分類變量分別進(jìn)行分析,結(jié)果表明TyG指數(shù)與ABI存在顯著相關(guān),且TyG指數(shù)的升高使下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加,與既往研究一致[17]。橫斷面和前瞻性隊(duì)列研究結(jié)果也表明TyG指數(shù)越高,下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越高[18-19]。然而,仍有部分研究認(rèn)為TyG指數(shù)與ABI之間無相關(guān)性[20- 21],可能與研究地域、納入人群和調(diào)整混雜因素的差異有關(guān)。
TyG指數(shù)與ABI的關(guān)聯(lián)可能與胰島素抵抗有關(guān)。既往研究證實(shí)TyG指數(shù)、胰島素抵抗與動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化之間的關(guān)系[22]。胰島素抵抗可誘導(dǎo)內(nèi)皮功能障礙、氧化應(yīng)激、心血管重塑和炎癥反應(yīng)[23]。高血壓、血脂異常和促炎狀態(tài)可促進(jìn)動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化和斑塊進(jìn)展。細(xì)胞水平上,胰島素信號(hào)通路受損可干擾動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化相關(guān)的內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞、巨噬細(xì)胞和平滑肌細(xì)胞的正常功能[24]。FBG和TG分別在肝臟和脂肪組織中反映胰島素抵抗的情況,故TyG指數(shù)作為它們的復(fù)合物可提示多系統(tǒng)胰島素抵抗的狀態(tài)[23]。此外,本研究對象為中老年人群,具有相對較高的心血管疾病負(fù)擔(dān)。而高TyG指數(shù)與高心血管病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),且中老年人群的胰島素抵抗可能因體力活動(dòng)缺乏及外周組織對胰島素不敏感而更為顯著[23]。

圖2 TyG指數(shù)對下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化影響的亞組分析森林圖
在亞組分析中未發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡、性別、BMI、糖尿病和高血壓病史影響TyG指數(shù)與下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的關(guān)聯(lián)。提示對無或合并較少心血管危險(xiǎn)因素的老年人,也應(yīng)嚴(yán)格進(jìn)行血糖、血脂管理,以降低下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[18]。對健康中老年人,保持TyG指數(shù)在理想范圍內(nèi)有利于良好的心血管代謝疾病預(yù)后。
綜上,在中老年人群中,TyG指數(shù)與心血管代謝指標(biāo)及ABI存在顯著相關(guān)性,TyG指數(shù)是下肢動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化的獨(dú)立危險(xiǎn)因素。
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Association between triglyceride-glucose index and lower extremity atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly healthy physical examination population
Department of Vascular and Neoplasms Interventional Surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Provincial Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
To explore the association between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and lower extremity atherosclerosis in middle-aged and elderly healthy physical examination population.A total of 1935 healthy people who underwent physical examination in Fujian Provincial Hospital from June 2018 to November 2019 were selected as research objects. Medical history collection and physical examination were completed, and the biochemical indexes and ankle brachial index (ABI) were determined, and TyG index was calculated. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate correlation between TyG index and cardiometabolic indexes. Multiple linear regression and binary Logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between TyG index and ABI, and the restricted cubic spline plot was drawn.TyG index was significantly correlated with age, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum creatinine were positively correlated (<0.01), and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was negatively correlated (<0.001). Multiple linear regression indicated that after adjusting covariates, TyG index, age, LDL-C, HbA1c were significantly correlated with ABI (<0.001). Binary Logistic regression indicated that the risk of lower extremity atherosclerosis increased 1.21 times for every 0.01 increase in TyG index (=0.031). With the increase of TyG index level, the risk of lower extremity atherosclerosis increased gradually. In the relationship between TyG index and lower extremity atherosclerosis, subgroup analysis did not find significant interaction between age, sex, BMI, hypertension, diabetes history and TyG index.In middle-aged and elderly healthy people, TyG index was significantly correlated with cardiovascular and metabolic indexes and ABI, and TyG index was an independent risk factor for lower extremity atherosclerosis.
Triglyceride-glucose index; Lower extremity atherosclerosis; Ankle brachial index; Insulin resistance
R543
A
10.3969/j.issn.1673-9701.2023.28.019
方主亭,電子信箱:fjslfzt@126.com
(2023–03–17)
(2023–09–14)