Abstracts

9Multi-DimensionalDevelopmentofChina-ArabEnergyCooperationUndertheGlobalEnergyTransition

AbstractThe Arab region is rich in oil and gas resources,and the economic development of many regional countries depends on oil and gas exports.Climate change has become an important issue of global concern,the transformation of energy supply towar “green” has brought huge challenges to the original economic development model of Arab countries.In the face of the pressure of international energy transition,Arab countries not only continue to tap the potential of oil and gas resources,but also actively implement the ‘carbon neutral’ and ‘carbon reduction’ goals by applying CCUS technology,improving the level of energy supply diversification,and implementing energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement actions.In addition,in the face of the challenges brought by the global energy transition to the original economic development model,Arab countries have taken deepening opening-up as an important pillar of economic transformation,thus further enhancing the interoperability with China’s policy of promoting high-quality opening-up.The above-mentioned changes have also promoted the gradual transformation of China-Arab energy cooperation from mainly depended on oil and gas cooperation to driven by the two wheels of oil and gas,and ‘low-carbon’ cooperation,as well as from mainly driven by trade and infrastructure cooperation to the direction of jointly promoted by trade,infrastructure and investment cooperation.However,the rise in global financing costs,fluctuations in international oil prices and the complexity of energy subsidy reform in Arab countries may adversely affect the multi-dimensional development of China-Arab energy cooperation.

KeyWordsArab Countries; Energy Transition; Energy Cooperation

AuthorLIU Dong,Ph.D.,Associate Professor,Institute of West-Asian and African Studies,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Secretary General,Gulf Research Center,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

30ExploringthePathofCross-RegionalValueChainCooperationBetweenChinaandtheGCCCountries

AbstractThe current international political and economic environment is being reshaped by the updated technological revolution,geopolitics,and restructuring of global value chain.The GCC countries are also profoundly influenced by the new international political and economic environment and the inherent ‘crescent curve’.From the perspective of the link of the value chain,the trade between China and GCC countries have shaped the economic basis of China-GCC countries cross-regional value chain cooperation,and the structural reshaping of global value chain has provided new opportunities for cross-regional value chain cooperation between China and GCC countries.From the perspective of regional economic development trends and structural changes,regional economic integration within the GCC countries has led to a rise in the size of the GCC economies.Mutual investment between China and GCC countries makes it possible for Chinese and GCC enterprises to be deeply connected to each other,and has formed cooperation and docking of cross-regional value chains,creating a new type of cross-regional global value chain in the new international political and economic structural changes.The in-depth China-GCC cross-regional cooperation is based on the global value chain system.It can not only provide opportunities for the GCC countries to develop on the path to realistic industrialization and modernization,but also injecting lasting momentum to the economic and social structures of the GCC countries.

KeyWordsChina-GCC Cooperation; Global Value Chain; Cross-Regional Value Chain; Crescent Curve

AuthorsHUANG Hao,Ph.D.Candidate,School of Politics and International Relations,East China Normal University; YU Nanping,Ph.D.,Professor,School of Politics and International Relations,East China Normal University.

51Multi-DomainIntegrationCombiningHardnesswithSoftness:SaudiArabia’sCounter-TerrorismStrategyDuringtheAbdullahEra

AbstractAfter the September 11 attacks,faced with increasing cross-border threat of terrorism,the deterioration of its national image,the weakness of its own counter-terrorism capabilities and tense relations with its ally the United States,Saudi Arabia elevated counter-terrorism to a national strategic level.In terms of philosophy,the Saudi government upholds a comprehensive counter-terrorism approach of multi-domain integration,and takes multiple measures to implement a national counter-terrorism strategy and carry out international counter-terrorism cooperation.In terms of model,the Saudi government has established a hardness-with-softness counter-terrorism model that focuses on improving its capabilities of combating domestic terrorism,develops a twin-wing pattern of financial counter-terrorism and de-radicalization,thus in line with domestic and regional dynamics.In practice,the Saudi government has actively carried out international and regional counter-terrorism cooperation,signed,ratified or acceded to international and regional counter-terrorism conventions,improved institutional arrangements of financial counter-terrorism,and reduced the risk of religious extremism through education and de-radicalization projects.deradicalization.Saudi Arabia’s counter-terrorism strategy has effectively cracked down on domestic terrorist forces,while there are also limitations such as mispositioning of objects and subjects,heavy instrumentalization and utilitarianism,and narrowness of scope of de-radicalization.

KeyWordsSaudi Arabia’s Counter-Terrorism Strategy; Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud; Financial Counter-Terrorism; De-Radicalization; International Cooperation Against Terrorism

AuthorBAO Chengzhang,Ph.D.,Associate Professor,Middle East Studies Institute,Shanghai International Studies University.

79TheTurkishParliamentaryElectoralSystem:HistoricalEvolution,RealisticPictureandImplications

AbstractSince its establishment in 1923,the parliamentary election system of the Republic of Türkiye has undergone an evolutionary development for almost a century.Specifically,it reflects the development from two-degree elections during the one-party period,to single-degree elections during the multi-party period,and from list-based majority system to proportional representation system.The parliamentary threshold and the allocation of seats based on the D’Hondt law have been the main features of Turkish parliamentary electoral system since the 21st century.Türkiye’s transition from parliamentary system to presidential system,following the constitutional referendum of 2017,has been an important historical opportunity for the development of the country’s electoral system.One of the new changes brought about by this is the birth of the electoral alliance mechanism.Historically,Turkish political parties have also cooperated in elections,but most of them ended in failure.With the introduction and implementation of ‘7102SaylKanun’,electoral alliance gained legal status for the first time.The major party alliances that emerged from this process represent a new form of party cooperation in Türkiye.Since the establishment of the presidential system,electoral alliance,as an important mechanism of the Turkish electoral system,have not only played an important role in Türkiye’s general elections,but have also had a profound impact on Türkiye’s political development today.

KeyWordsTürkiye; Electoral System; Electoral Alliance; Party Politics

AuthorsSHEN Shali,Ph.D.Candidate,Institute of Area Studies,Peking University; ZAN Tao,Ph.D.,Professor,History Department,Peking University.

104TheIraqiQuestionintheFormationofU.S.UnipolarHegemonyaftertheColdWar(1991-2003)

AbstractAfter the Iraq War of 2003,in an overall declining trend,the global strategic attention of the U.S.to Iraq began to shift to other countries in the region or beyond it.Iraq,however,as the first challenger of the U.S.in shaping its unipolar hegemony after the Cold War,its practical implications should not be underestimated over time.On the one hand,Iraq has been a testing ground for the U.S.to practice various means of containment and intervention after the Cold War.In the U.S.subsequent process to shape and maintain its unipolar hegemony,Iraq constitutes an important reference and source of experience for the U.S.to contain other countries.On the other hand,Iraq’s diplomatic actions to break through the U.S.diplomatic blockade have formed a hedge against the formation of U.S.hegemony,which has profoundly affected the evolution of this process.Thus,Iraq from 1991 to 2003 actually constitutes a prism reflecting the U.S.process to impose its unipolar hegemony in the post-Cold War era from multiple dimensions,and has important implications for academics to deepen their understanding of U.S.hegemony and the evolution of the post-Cold War world order.

KeyWordsU.S.Diplomacy; Iraq; Unipolar Hegemony; Middle East Policy; Asymmetrical Game

AuthorLI Ruiheng,Ph.D.,Assistant Professor,Department of Arabic Language and Cultures,School of Foreign Languages,Peking University.

129Japan’sMiddleEastRegionalStrategy:APerspectiveofInterregionalism

AbstractThe implementation of Japan’s Middle East regional strategy demonstrates quasi-interregionalism,a type of interregionalism in which a nation interacts with regional organisations or groups inside a specific region.Based on existing inter-regionalism theory and the specific characteristics of Japan’s relations with the Middle East,it is clear that Japan’s Middle East regional strategy serves four main purposes:maintaining institutional checks and balances,establishing institutional frameworks,setting agendas,and promoting rule and norm dissemination.From a historical perspective,Japan’s strategy towards the Middle East region began too late,and it officially began promoting the region until the 21st century.In the current era,Japan’s Middle East strategy is gradually developing,reflecting the fundamental features of the ‘sovereign nationalization’ model,the encouragement of ‘government-civilian partnership’,and the reduction of the asymmetric structure of ‘utilitarianism’ and ‘North-South cooperation’.The interpretation of the historical and current evolution of Japan’s Middle East regional strategy from the perspective of quasi interregionalism is still a relatively new perspective,and its basic situation is worth paying attention to.

KeyWordsJapan’s Middle East Strategy; Interregionalism; Arab League; GCC

AuthorsGAO Zijing,Ph.D.,Research Fellow,Institute of International Studies,Shandong University; JIANG Xudong,Ph.D.,Assistant Researcher,Postdoctor,Foreign Policy Institute,Shanghai Institutes for International Studies.