


[摘要] 目的
探究血漿維生素B12的濃度與非癡呆人群阿爾茨海默病(AD)腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物的相關(guān)性。
方法 將來(lái)自阿爾茨海默病神經(jīng)成像計(jì)劃數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(http://adni.loni.usc.edu)的539名非癡呆者分為輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(MCI)和認(rèn)知功能正常(CN)兩組。建立多元線性回歸模型,對(duì)年齡、性別、教育程度、載脂蛋白E基因型、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙和飲酒進(jìn)行校正,探討在非癡呆人群以及兩個(gè)亞組中血漿維生素B12濃度與AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物tau蛋白(tau)、磷酸化tau蛋白(p-tau)之間的關(guān)系。
結(jié)果 在非癡呆人群中,血漿維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-1.227e-04,Plt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-4.575e-05,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。亞組分析顯示,MCI組血漿維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-1.688e-04,Plt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-1.718e-04,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);CN組血漿維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-5.983e-06,Pgt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-2.375e-05,Pgt;0.05)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。
結(jié)論 血漿維生素B12濃度與非癡呆人群AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物tau、p-tau顯著相關(guān)。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 維生素B12;阿爾茨海默病;認(rèn)知功能障礙;生物標(biāo)記
[中圖分類號(hào)] R745.7
[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼] A
[文章編號(hào)] 2096-5532(2022)06-0855-05
doi:10.11712/jms.2096-5532.2022.59.197
[網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版] https://link.cnki.net/urlid/37.1517.R.20240104.1607.008;2024-01-05 20:14:21
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLASMA VITAMIN B12 AND CEREBROSPINAL FLUID BIOMARKERS FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
PENG Yan, ZHAO Bing, LI Xin, WANG Hao, ZHANG Wei
(Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China)
; [ABSTRACT]ObjectiveTo investigate the association between plasma vitamin B12 concentration and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the non-dementia population.
MethodsA total of 539 non-dementia subjects were selected from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database (http://adni.loni.usc.edu) and were then divided into mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group and cognitively normal (CN) group. A multiple linear regression model was established for the adjustment of age, sex, educational level, apolipoprotein E genotype, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, smoking, and drinking, and the association of plasma vitamin B12 concentration with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (tau protein (tau) and phosphorylated tau protein (p-tau)) for AD was analyzed in the non-dementia population and the two subgroups.
ResultsIn the non-dementia population, plasma vitamin B12 concentration was significantly negatively correlated with tau (β=-1.227e-04,Plt;0.05) and p-tau (β=-4.575e-05,Plt;0.05). The subgroup analysis showed that in the MCI group, plasma vitamin B12 concentration was significantly negatively correlated with tau (β=-1.688e-04,Plt;0.05) and p-tau (β=-1.718e-04,Plt;0.05), while in the CN group, plasma vitamin B12 concentration was not significantly correlated with tau (β=-5.983e-06,Pgt;0.05) or p-tau (β=-2.375e-05,Pgt;0.05).
ConclusionPlasma vitamin B12 concentration is significantly correlated with the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers tau and p-tau for AD in the non-dementia population.
[KEY WORDS]vitamin B12; Alzheimer disease; cognitive dysfunction; biomarkers
阿爾茨海默病(AD)是一種嚴(yán)重的腦神經(jīng)退行性疾病,以β-淀粉樣蛋白(Aβ)、神經(jīng)元纖維纏結(jié)、膽堿能神經(jīng)元死亡、血管病理和炎癥為特征"。AD是老年期最常見(jiàn)的癡呆類型,約占所有癡呆病例的60%~80%。隨著我國(guó)逐步進(jìn)入老齡化社會(huì),AD越來(lái)越受到國(guó)內(nèi)外研究者的關(guān)注。有研究表明,維生素B12缺乏可能與老年人進(jìn)行性腦萎縮有關(guān)。低水平的維生素B12和葉酸會(huì)影響癡呆癥病人的記憶等認(rèn)知功能。增加老年人維生素B12的攝入量可能會(huì)顯著降低與年齡相關(guān)的腦萎縮的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本文探討血漿維生素B12濃度與非癡呆人群AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物的相關(guān)性,現(xiàn)將結(jié)果報(bào)告如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 研究對(duì)象
研究對(duì)象數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自阿爾茨海默病神經(jīng)成像倡議
(ADNI)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡55~90歲;②具備完整的研究所需數(shù)據(jù);③輕度認(rèn)知功能障礙(MCI)者,簡(jiǎn)易精神狀態(tài)檢查量表(MMSE)評(píng)分≥24分,臨床癡呆評(píng)定量表(CDR)評(píng)分0.5分,韋氏記憶量表邏輯記憶Ⅱ延遲回憶測(cè)試客觀記憶喪失(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差gt;1,低于正常均值),日常生活能力正常,無(wú)癡呆;認(rèn)知功能正常(CN)者M(jìn)MSE評(píng)分≥24分,臨床癡呆評(píng)定量表總分為0;④研究對(duì)象知情同意。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①患有可能影響AD腦脊液水平的嚴(yán)重全身性疾病(如惡性腫瘤)者;②有遺傳病家族史者;③口服補(bǔ)充維生素B12的藥物或影響維生素B12測(cè)量結(jié)果藥物者。
1.2 研究方法
從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)提取相關(guān)資料,包括年齡、性別、教育程度、載脂蛋白E基因型、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙、飲酒、維生素B12濃度、Aβ、tau、p-tau、海馬體積和MMSE評(píng)分。將血漿維生素B12濃度去除高于或低于平均值3個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差的極值,按照四分位數(shù)進(jìn)行分組,分為A組(維生素B12≤324 pmol/L)、B組(324 pmol/Llt;維生素B12≤461 pmol/L)、C組(461 pmol/Llt;維生素B12≤639 pmol/L)和D組(維生素B12gt;639 pmol/L)。分別在非癡呆人群、MCI組、CN組中,以正態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)化后的AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物為因變量,以年齡、性別、教育程度、載脂蛋白E基因型、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、吸煙、飲酒和血漿維生素B12濃度為自變量建立多元線性回歸模型,探究校正混雜因素后不同濃度的血漿維生素B12與AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物的相關(guān)性。
1.3 相關(guān)指標(biāo)檢測(cè)方法
1.3.1 維生素B12濃度和AD腦脊液標(biāo)志物的檢測(cè)
采集研究對(duì)象空腹靜脈血漿樣本,應(yīng)用免疫分析法檢測(cè)血漿維生素B12濃度。血漿成分分析采用安捷倫科技公司6490QQQ質(zhì)譜儀、1290系列高效液相色譜系統(tǒng)以及ZORBAX Eclipse plus C18色譜柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.8 μm),質(zhì)譜分析采用正離子模式,動(dòng)態(tài)程序多反應(yīng)監(jiān)測(cè)。使用安捷倫科技公司軟件(Mass Hunter B9.00)對(duì)質(zhì)譜結(jié)果進(jìn)行整合。Aβ、tau、p-tau濃度由INNOBIA AlzBio3(Ghent, Belgium)免疫分析試劑盒測(cè)定。
1.3.2 海馬體積測(cè)量 使用MRI 1.5-T成像系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行腦掃描,采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化方案,包括T1加權(quán)圖像;使用矢狀位、容積、磁化準(zhǔn)備的梯度回波序列快速采集。應(yīng)用Free Surfer(http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/fswiki)進(jìn)行自動(dòng)容量測(cè)量,海馬體積為雙側(cè)海馬的平均體積。
1.4 疾病及相關(guān)指標(biāo)判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
①高血壓:收縮壓/舒張壓≥18.7/12.2 kPa和(或)已確診高血壓并治療者;②糖尿病:隨機(jī)或餐后2 h血糖≥11.1 mmol/L,或空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L,和(或)確診為糖尿病并治療者;③高脂血癥:空腹血清總膽固醇水平gt;5.7 mmol/L,三酰甘油gt;1.7 mmol/L或高密度脂蛋白膽固醇lt;0.9 mmol/L(男)、lt;1.0 mmol/L(女),和(或)確診為高脂血癥并治療者;④吸煙:平均≥10支/天;⑤飲酒:乙醇平均攝入量gt;24 g/d。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析
應(yīng)用SPSS 23.0和R編程語(yǔ)言64 4.0.4軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理。采用Shapiro-Wilk法對(duì)計(jì)量資料進(jìn)行正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn),符合正態(tài)分布的數(shù)據(jù)以±s表示,組間比較采用單因素方差分析;偏態(tài)分布數(shù)據(jù)以M(P25,P75)表示,組間比較采用H檢驗(yàn);計(jì)數(shù)資料以頻數(shù)和百分率表示,組間比較采用卡方檢驗(yàn)。正態(tài)性檢驗(yàn)顯示,總?cè)巳褐蠥β、tau、p-tau、MMSE評(píng)分、海馬體積為偏態(tài)分布資料,MCI和CN組Aβ、tau、p-tau、MMSE評(píng)分為偏態(tài)分布資料,進(jìn)行Box-Cox轉(zhuǎn)換使之呈正態(tài)分布,以進(jìn)行下一步分析。回歸模型中用方差膨脹因子(VIF)評(píng)估共線性的量度,VIF值均lt;2,自變量間無(wú)多重共線性。以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) "果
2.1 不同維生素B12濃度人群的基本特征
A、B、C、D組年齡、性別、教育程度、高血壓、糖尿病、高脂血癥、飲酒、吸煙、Aβ水平、海馬體積、MMSE評(píng)分差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05);而4組間載脂蛋白E基因型(χ2=15.580,Plt;0.05)、tau(H=12.421,Plt;0.01)、p-tau(H=10.784,Plt;0.05)差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。見(jiàn)表1。
2.2 不同維生素B12濃度與AD腦脊液標(biāo)志物及其他指標(biāo)的相關(guān)性
在非癡呆總?cè)巳海∕CI+CN組),以A組為參照組,B組維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-0.118,Plt;0.01)、p-tau(β=-0.040,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),D組維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-0.124,Plt;0.01)、p-tau(β=-0.046,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);在MCI組中,以A組為參照組,B組維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-0.149,Plt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-0.146,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),D組維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-0.173,Plt;0.01)、p-tau(β=-0.174,Plt;0.01)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。在非癡呆人群和MCI組,C組維生素B12濃度與tau、p-tau均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(Pgt;0.05);各組維生素B12濃度與Aβ、MMSE評(píng)分、海馬體積均無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性(Pgt;0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 不同人群維生素B12濃度與AD腦脊液標(biāo)志物及其他指標(biāo)相關(guān)性
在非癡呆人群(MCI+CN組)中,維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-1.227e-04,Plt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-4.575e-05,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與Aβ(β=-0.001,Pgt;0.05)、海馬體積(β=-0.196,Pgt;0.05)、MMSE評(píng)分(β=2.176e+06,Pgt;0.05)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。在MCI組中,維生素B12濃度與tau(β=-1.688e-04,Plt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-1.718e-04,Plt;0.05)呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),與Aβ(β=-4.719e-05,Pgt;0.05)、海馬體積(β=-2.938e-02,Pgt;0.05)、MMSE評(píng)分(β=610.400,Pgt;0.05)無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。在CN組中,維生素B12濃度與海馬體積呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(β=-0.426,Plt;0.05),與Aβ(β=-0.067,Pgt;0.05)、tau(β=-5.983e-06,Pgt;0.05)、p-tau(β=-2.375e-05,Pgt;0.05)、MMSE評(píng)分(β=9.575e+19,Pgt;0.05)無(wú)相關(guān)性。見(jiàn)表3。
3 討 "論
維生素B12是一種水溶性化合物,維生素B12缺乏是高同型半胱氨酸血癥最常見(jiàn)的原因之一。維生素B12是蛋氨酸合成酶的重要輔助因子,能將同型半胱氨酸轉(zhuǎn)化為蛋氨酸。同型半胱氨酸可通過(guò)多種機(jī)制來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)活性氧化物(ROS)的積累,包括同型半胱氨酸的自氧化,產(chǎn)生過(guò)氧化氫;以及抑制細(xì)胞抗氧化酶,即谷胱甘肽過(guò)氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性。維生素B12也可以直接清除ROS,特別是胞漿和線粒體中的超氧化物,并可以通過(guò)補(bǔ)充谷胱甘肽間接刺激ROS清除[18-22]。神經(jīng)元容易受到氧化應(yīng)激的影響,因?yàn)樗鼈兒锌寡趸瘎┕入赘孰暮投嗖伙柡椭舅幔梢耘cROS相互作用,導(dǎo)致脂質(zhì)過(guò)氧化和分子破壞,從而損傷神經(jīng)元[23]。維生素B12參與了細(xì)胞能量過(guò)程、髓鞘和神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的合成[24-26]。髓鞘堿性蛋白約占髓鞘蛋白的1/3,維生素B12缺乏引起的脫髓鞘改變與認(rèn)知功能下降有關(guān)[6,18,27-28]。維生素B12可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)白細(xì)胞介素6、腫瘤壞死因子-α和表皮生長(zhǎng)因子的產(chǎn)生,保護(hù)機(jī)體免受炎癥引起的氧化應(yīng)激損傷[29-32]。白細(xì)胞介素6已被證明可誘導(dǎo)tau過(guò)度磷酸化[24]。
有研究表明,AD的演變過(guò)程與維生素B12濃度降低有關(guān)[8,33]。補(bǔ)充維生素B12可以減緩與認(rèn)知能力下降有關(guān)的特定大腦區(qū)域的萎縮[16]。對(duì)特異性的維生素B12相關(guān)生物標(biāo)志物,如甲基丙二酸和全反式鈷胺的研究表明,智力下降與維生素B12低水平有關(guān)[8]。本研究通過(guò)ADNI數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),探究血漿維生素B12濃度與非癡呆人群AD腦脊液的相關(guān)性,進(jìn)一步明確血液生物標(biāo)記物作為AD預(yù)測(cè)標(biāo)記物的可行性。本文研究結(jié)果顯示,在非癡呆人群中,血漿維生素B12濃度與tau、p-tau呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān);亞組分析顯示,MCI組血漿維生素B12濃度與tau、p-tau呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),CN組血漿維生素B12濃度與tau、p-tau無(wú)顯著相關(guān)性。說(shuō)明血漿維生素B12濃度與非癡呆人群AD腦脊液tau、p-tau顯著相關(guān)。本文研究結(jié)果可為AD的預(yù)防、早期診斷及治療提供新的思路。
有研究表明,維生素B12以濃度依賴的方式抑制Aβ的聚集,并且對(duì)淀粉樣蛋白誘導(dǎo)的人類神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞毒性有保護(hù)作用。然而,本研究中未發(fā)現(xiàn)血漿維生素B12濃度與Aβ的相關(guān)性。考慮主要原因是:本研究對(duì)象為非癡呆人群,并不是所有個(gè)體的腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物的沉積都達(dá)到了平臺(tái)期,這可能影響了研究結(jié)果。不列顛哥倫比亞省的指南和方案咨詢委員會(huì)發(fā)布的《老年人認(rèn)知障礙診斷指南》指出,對(duì)輕度認(rèn)知障礙或癡呆癥病人早期進(jìn)行維生素B12干預(yù)治療可以改善病人的認(rèn)知水平[7]。
綜上所述,血漿維生素B12濃度與非癡呆人群AD腦脊液生物標(biāo)志物tau、p-tau的沉積密切相關(guān),血漿維生素B12水平可能通過(guò)影響AD早期階段腦脊液的生物標(biāo)志物,導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知功能下降。
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(本文編輯 黃建鄉(xiāng))