不斷變化與拓展的風景園林教育

王向榮

伴隨著改革開放后中國經濟的飛速發展及社會的深刻變革，中國風景園林的教育、研究和實踐也在不斷進步。經過40年的努力，中國風景園林已走過了粗放式發展的過程，開始向更成熟和更高水平的階段邁步：實踐領域從早期局限于庭園、公園和風景區拓展到今天從庭院到國土的全尺度與全類型，實踐水準從早期的折中復古和盲目模仿到今天的多元創新及優秀作品不斷涌現，學術研究從聚焦古典園林拓展到涵蓋自然與人文領域的學科基礎研究、景觀史與造園史、規劃與設計理論、自然與生態系統、國土景觀、生態基礎設施、自然與文化遺產保護、景觀藝術與感知、景觀工程與技術、植物研究與應用、景觀績效與評價等方方面面，高等教育也從歷經波折、各自為政到風景園林一級學科設立后的全面規范發展[1]。今天，世界正面臨著政治、經濟、文化格局的巨變，中國經濟的增長方式也面臨結構性轉變，在這樣一個歷史關鍵時刻，我們有必要在認真回顧風景園林學科發展歷史的基礎上思考中國風景園林教育的未來。

1 風景園林教育的內容隨著學科發展而拓展

風景園林學繼承了幾千年來人類為生產生活而改造自然環境所積累的藝術和經驗，又在應對工業革命之后出現的一系列前所未有的城市問題和環境挑戰中，結合現代科學與技術，發展出了廣泛的理論和方法，成為一門視野廣闊的關于人類生存環境保護和建設的現代學科。風景園林的現代教育也隨之蓬勃發展[2]。

現代風景園林發展的動力一直來自實踐的需求。19世紀，最早開始工業化和城市化的英國出現了城市人口膨脹、住房擁擠、環境污染嚴重等諸多嚴峻問題。為應對這些問題，城市公園、田園城市等思想逐步提出并實施。工業革命的輝煌成果和負面影響同樣帶到了美國，奧姆斯特德等人在公園和公園系統、校園、住區及自然保護地等方面的規劃設計奠定了美國風景園林學科的基礎。20世紀初，美國風景園林專業在哈佛大學初步設立時，便定位在一個相當廣泛的范圍內，包括了城市公園和綠地系統、風景道、居住區、校園、房產開發、農場和國家公園等[3]。

“二戰”結束后，美國經濟進入了持續繁榮的時期。中產階層家庭逐漸遷移到市郊環境優美的新社區，大企業也遷往位于郊區的新基地。市郊居住區的建設導致了美國新鎮運動的復興，風景優美的郊外居住區和企業園區成為一個時期美國風景園林行業新的實踐領域。高速公路的建設改變了傳統的水運交通模式，城市濱水地帶得以從碼頭、倉儲、工業設施的占據中解脫出來，這為濱水公共空間的塑造提供了可能。高漲的建設活動促進了美國風景園林教育的快速發展，注冊在校的學生人數暴漲，大學隨之設立了更高級的課程和學位，教育的內容也圍繞著這些實踐領域展開[4]。

但工業發展和城市蔓延也帶來了急劇增加的污染，自然環境和生態系統遭到破壞，20世紀60年代興起的環境運動讓更多的人關注自然和生態。生態思想和生態美學引導了一系列風景園林規劃設計的理論和實踐。麥克哈格（Ian McHarg）提出適應自然特征來創造人類生存環境的可能性與必要性，他將整個景觀視為一個生態系統，采用因子分層分析和地圖疊加技術為核心的規劃方法。麥克哈格也改變了他執教的賓夕法尼亞大學的課程體系，開設生態學、人類生態學、地形學、水文學以及土壤學課程，并將系名更改為風景園林與區域規劃系[5]。

20世紀70年代開始，景觀規劃成為德國風景園林專業的一個重要領域，并發展出一些特殊的生態規劃方法去完善空間規劃、區域規劃和土地利用規劃[6]。同一時期，隨著煤炭、鋼鐵等傳統工業的衰退，德國的一些老工業基地面臨著環境污染嚴重、礦山工廠倒閉、地區人口減少、失業率高等環境、經濟和社會危機。為促進這些地區的復興，德國采取了一系列有效的措施進行整治和更新：實施河流的生態再生工程，將礦山和工廠改造為大型公園綠地，改善地區的生態環境；改造工業建筑并重新使用；引入新產業以促進就業。這些措施賦予了舊工業基地以新的生機，也為世界上其他舊工業區的改造樹立了典范。棕地修復、河流生態再生、工業遺址再利用，這些在后工業時代應運而生的學科領域，是20世紀后30年風景園林實踐和教育高度關注的方面，影響持續至今，意義深遠。

過去的一百多年，人類一直依賴石油和煤炭等燃料來提供生產生活所需的能源。而燃燒這些化石能源排放的二氧化碳等溫室氣體是增強地球表面的溫室效應、引發全球氣候變化的主要原因。極端氣候頻繁光顧地球，冰川消融、海平面上升、自然生態系統遭到破壞、物種的生存遭到威脅。為應對全球氣候變化，從20世紀90年代開始，韌性城市、減碳低碳等概念和相關策略成為風景園林研究和實踐的熱點，低影響開發、韌性設計等內容進入大學里的課程。

盡管風景園林學是一門綜合性的學科，但實踐的需求一直是推動學科發展的最根本動力。社會生活的改變和科學技術的進步促使風景園林的實踐范圍不斷擴大，并與越來越多的學科交叉融合。因此，正是人類生存環境中不斷出現的問題，促進了現代風景園林學科領域的延伸和行業的發展，也促使風景園林教育的內容朝向更廣闊更包容的方向拓展。

2 風景園林教育應與實踐密切相關

風景園林教育的目標是培養能夠對實踐中需要解決的問題進行研究、規劃、設計、建設和管理的人才，因此，我們的教育應該讓學生深入了解風景園林實踐。風景園林是綜合性的交叉學科，涉及園林、建筑、城鄉規劃、園藝、生態、市政工程等多學科的知識和技能，學生學習的內容非常龐雜。但概括起來，風景園林教育是要讓學生研究在實踐中遇到的問題，了解如何有效地解決問題，掌握實踐中的方法。具體來說，就是：1）風景園林學科過去發生過什么？積累了哪些思想、經驗和技術？即學科的歷史背景、經典理論和經典案例。2）風景園林行業現在正在做什么？面臨哪些問題？怎么解決？有哪些方法？也就是今天的學科領域、理論研究關注點及既有成果，當代實踐案例及背后的思想和技術。

這些學習非常重要的目的就是要讓學生有能力運用所學理論和方法，針對特定場地和對象進行規劃設計。理想的情況是，每一個接受了4年風景園林本科教育的學生都能夠了解這些內容并掌握基本的規劃設計技能。在此之后，學生應該根據自身的特點進行有所側重的學習，選擇不同的發展方向。由于社會變革越來越迅速、專業知識迭代的周期也越來越短，而未來發展的許多方面又難以預知，學生必須具有自我教育和學習并將所學知識融會貫通的能力，同時在一些特定的研究和實踐領域有所專攻，才能解決今天甚至是未來可能出現的問題。

以往的教育體系都是圍繞著培養風景園林規劃設計師來制定的，大量的規劃設計課程訓練就是為了在有限的時間內盡快地培養學生作為設計師的能力。但現實情況是，風景園林的整體實踐除了規劃設計之外，還需要有理論研究、工程建造、植物培育、管理養護等多重工作。理論上來說，隨著學科領域的擴展，風景園林需要越來越多的人才，但分布在不同的環節上，則需要有經過相應訓練的專業人員。因此風景園林人才的培養，應該在風景園林的大框架下，有不同的培養方向，適應研究、規劃設計、建設和管理等不同崗位的需求。雖然規劃設計師的培養是最具難度，也最需要通過高等院校的教育來精心雕琢，但對于一個健康成熟的風景園林行業，規劃設計師在其中只占據很小的部分，高校還可以為行業中的其他職業方向培養高素質的人才，促進行業的全面協調發展。如可以考慮建立一個1+N的彈性培養模式，學生在完成一個基礎但全面的風景園林理論和實踐學習的過程后，結合自身特點，可以選擇某個專門方向的系列課程，為未來的職業發展做好準備；還可以借鑒建筑學專業的經驗，在本科高年級設立必要的實習環節，讓學生深入了解風景園林實踐的過程。

依據風景園林實踐內容的不同，高等院校的教育需要分層。高水準和大型的設計和工程企業都集中在一、二線城市，高水平的風景園林人才也在這些城市扎堆，而地方上卻人才匱乏，這導致三、四線城市的風景園林設計、建設和管理的水平不高。地方院校更應該針對當地的需求，培養具有實踐應用能力的專門化人才。從目前的風景園林行業狀況可以看出，研究基本上以高等院校為主導展開，少數重要的規劃設計多由一、二線城市的設計企業承擔，地方設計企業更多地服務于當地大量的一般項目和中小型項目，而施工和管理也更多地由當地的人才來負責。因此，當地風景園林人才的質量才是決定該地區風景園林發展水平的關鍵。無論是致力于培養風景園林理論研究和規劃設計領軍人才的高校，還是以培養地方的設計、施工和管理人才為目標的高校，都是在充實和完善中國風景園林人才梯隊，為行業發展奠定基礎。

與實踐密切相關的教學需要具有實踐經驗的教師來承擔，這不僅能夠給予學生恰當的指導，也能促使在實踐中獲得的新思想不斷反饋到教育之中。但目前，在各種學術考評體系的壓力下，高校教師中重理論輕實踐的趨勢越來越嚴重。一些極少甚至從未參與過實踐的教師在課堂上教授著規劃設計課程，為學生指點方案，評判高低，難免有紙上談兵、誤人子弟之嫌。當年，小奧姆斯特德在哈佛大學建立風景園林專業，就一直在尋求實踐和教育間的相互聯系。后來哈佛的多位系主任自身就是杰出的設計師，如佐佐木英夫（Hideo Sasaki）、彼得·沃克（Peter Walker）、勞瑞·奧林（Laurie Olin）等，他們將自己在實踐中獲得的對學科的深刻認識融入教學和研究中，引領哈佛風景園林學科的發展方向[5]。毫無疑問，高等院校是承擔理論研究的主體，但不應該成為研究所。好的實踐本身就具有理論性，只有實現教育、研究和實踐三位一體，才能促進風景園林教育的健康發展。

3 風景園林教育需要面向行業的未來

教育是一個長周期的工作，人才從開始培養到走入職場，需要4～10年的時間，到成為行業的中堅力量，則需要耗費更長的時間。在這個日新月異的時代，今天風光無限的領域明日也許就是末日黃花，現在最值得炫耀的技術幾年后也許就是人人都會的基本技能。教育要基于高校研究的前瞻性，捕捉行業未來所需，為學生提前打下基礎，或者培養一些面向未來的專門人才，促進行業的可持續發展。

作為教育從事者，我們要思考：風景園林行業未來需要解決什么問題？科學技術和社會文化的發展能為學科帶來怎樣的改變和新的機遇？風景園林學科可以為人類生存環境做出哪些新的貢獻？

首先，我們未來需要面對的一部分問題正是世界各國發展過程中普遍存在的問題。由于中國和發達國家發展歷程的時間差，西方發達國家已經經歷并有過研究和應對的問題，我們可能剛剛開始面對或者即將面對。但是，由于國情的不同，同樣的問題在中國會有不同的表現，會有中國自己的特色。比如各個國家在現代化及城市化過程中，都不同程度地對環境造成了破壞，需要對自然進行修復。生態修復，包括土壤修復、河流修復、植被修復、生境修復等，都與自然條件息息相關。每個國家和地區的自然條件和生態系統各不相同，修復的目標和手段也會有差異，中國需要針對不同地區自然的損害程度進行生態修復理論和技術的研究。同樣，應對城市災害的韌性城市或城市存量發展趨勢下的城市更新，我們也應該在參考其他國家經驗的基礎上，依據中國的自然、文化、社會等特點，提出自己的思想和解決辦法。

另外，還有一部分我們需要解決的是具有中國特色的問題，比如，中國國土景觀特征的破壞及地域景觀特色的消失。在漫長的農耕文明中，中國人依據國土的自然條件興修水利、開墾農田、建設村落、營建城市，形成了一整套土地整理和土地利用的獨特方式。在中國從以農業文明為本的傳統社會向以工業文明為本的現代社會轉型過程中，歷經幾千年積累形成的中國特有的土地利用方式幾乎被徹底拋棄，導致了傳統的山水融合、城鄉相依的國土景觀變得支離破碎。傳統的土地利用方式具有綜合性和多功能性，由此形成的城市內外的自然系統，現在仍然是區域最重要的綠色基礎設施，同時也承載了當地的歷史文化，體現了地域景觀特征。我們要從科學的視角重新認識并汲取古人水土整治、營城實踐、風景塑造中的理念和經驗，珍視并保護仍然留存在土地上的國土景觀遺產，并在今天國土空間統一規劃和管控的新格局中尋求與古代經驗兼容并蓄的營建方式[7]。此外，由于過去長期的人口控制政策造成了今天的低生育率和人口的快速老齡化，中國成為第一個進入老齡化社會的發展中國家。第七屆全國人口普查結果顯示，2020年中國的人口出生率只有8.5%，60歲及以上人口占比超過18%，這遠超國際上老齡化社會10%的界定，中國已進入嚴重老齡化社會。預計到2030年，中國60歲以上人口比例將達到25%左右，老齡化進程進一步加快[8]。嚴峻的人口形勢已使得國家將鼓勵生育、積極應對人口老齡化作為當前和今后一段時期關系全局的重大戰略任務。因此，開展全面的適老化設計和建設兒童友好型環境不僅是風景園林行業今后需要解決的技術性問題，更是長期的社會性議題。

最后一部分問題是人類社會在發展中可能會遇到的新情況和新問題。當前，信息技術正以前所未有的方式改變著全球社會，城市化與信息化的協同發展是時代背景下的城市發展新模式。大數據和人工智能等信息化技術，憑借優異的信息采集、分析和處理能力，提供了比人工操作更科學更高效的決策依據和管理辦法，已經在風景園林規劃設計分析和管理方面得到了一定的應用，未來的應用前景不可估量。依托新一代信息化技術，傳統城市可以發展成為與數字化和物聯網深度融合的智慧城市，從而深刻影響城市的運行模式，也必定會帶來城市物質空間形態的改變。城市的不同功能空間很可能重組，其分布和比例會調整，也會出現新的功能空間。綠色空間在未來的智慧城市中或將扮演新的角色，具備新的功能。信息社會也改變了城鄉運營的方式，交通、市政基礎設施等的管理從政府負責轉變為政府、企業等多元主體參與。將來，企業、社會團體甚至市民個體將會有越來越多的機會參與到城市和鄉村的決策、運營和管理中[9]。面對科學技術和社會經濟的巨大變革，從業者需要思考：新的科技如何運用到風景園林的各個方面從而推動學科的進步？解決現有的問題是否有其他的路徑和更好的選擇？工作和生活方式的改變會為行業帶來哪些影響？未來，風景園林行業的各個環節都有可能發生巨大的變革，教育工作者需要未雨綢繆、提前布局。

4 結語

美國賓夕法尼亞大學風景園林系前系主任理查德·韋勒（Richard Weller）曾經談道：對風景園林學來說，如果要完成其學科的任務使命并發揮其專業潛力，其知識和創造力必須滿足從小尺度的城市空間到大尺度的區域景觀這樣一個線索[10]。在新的時代，風景園林教育的內容和教學的手段在不斷更新，但風景園林始終應該培養能夠協調人工建造與自然環境之間關系的專門人才，他們需要了解大自然的原理、人居環境的建造邏輯和技術、社會中人的需求、地域的歷史和文化等，同時還必須兼具美學的修養和創造力，以及與時代匹配的技術方法。風景園林高等教育要注重基本知識框架體系的構建，培養學生建立正確的價值觀和方法論，在此基礎上，學生才有能力去獲取更多知識信息并做出正確的判斷。同時，教育應當是啟發性的，培養學生的綜合思考能力而不是灌輸知識；是多元多解的，而不是提供模式化的方法和答案。教育也應該是對視野和學習能力的培養。知識會陳舊，技能會落后，但開闊的視野能夠使人具備接受新事物的能力，學習能力的養成也有助于在職業生涯的不同階段能夠不斷學習、自我提升。

在中國建設生態文明的21世紀，風景園林在人居環境建設中的地位和作用日益重要。作為后發展國家，中國在借鑒他人發展經驗上具有天然的優勢，學習和追隨是前40年中國風景園林學科和教育發展的主流。今天，中國的城市化水平和經濟社會的某些方面已經逐漸接近一些先發展國家，但中國又有自己獨特的地理、自然、歷史文化和社會經濟體制，中國目前和未來面臨的許多問題在全世界找不到現成的答案。因此，我們需要扎實研究、認真思考、努力創造，提出新理論、新方法，創造新案例，革新教育，讓中國的風景園林為世界風景園林發展做出更大的貢獻。

（編輯/劉昱霏）

Landscape Architecture Education in Changes and Development

WANG Xiangrong

Following the country’s rapid economic development and profound social changes after the reform and opening up, Chinese landscape architecture is also making continuous progress in the education, research and practice. After 40 years of efforts, Chinese landscape architecture has gone through the process of extensive development and begun to step up to maturity and a higher level. In the practice field, it has expanded from the early stage limited to gardens, parks and scenic spots,to the full scales and full types from gardens to the territory land today. In the practice level, it has advanced from the early days of compromise to restore ancient ways and blind imitation to the current diversified innovation and constant emergence of excellent works. In the academic researches, it has gone ahead from focusing on classical gardens to expanding to basic disciplinary researches in nature and humanities, landscape history and gardening history, planning and design theory, nature and ecosystem, territory landscape,ecological infrastructure, natural and cultural heritage protection, landscape art and perception,landscape engineering and technology, plant research and application, and landscape performance and evaluation. Higher education has also developed from twists and turns, lack of coordination, to all-round standardized development after the establishment of the first-tier landscape architecture discipline[1]. Today, the world is facing great changes in the political, economic and cultural patterns, and China’s economic growth mode is also confronted with a structural transformation. At such a historic critical moment, it is necessary for us to think about the future of Chinese landscape architecture education on the basis of earnestly reviewing the development history of the landscape architecture discipline.

1 Landscape Architecture Education Contents Expand with the Development of the Discipline

The landscape architecture science has inherited the art and experience accumulated by mankind to transform the natural environment for production and life over the past thousands of years. In the course of addressing an unprecedented array of urban problems and environmental challenges that emerged after the industrial revolution, it has integrated modern science and technology to develop a wide range of theories and methods, and become a modern discipline of broad vision on the protection and construction of the human living environment.The modern education in landscape architecture has also flourished[2].

T he impetus of moder n landscape architecture development has always come from the needs of practice. In the 19th century, Britain,which was the first to be industrialized and urbanized, faced many severe problems, such as urban population explosion, crowded housing, and serious environmental pollution. To deal with these problems, the ideas of urban parks and pastoral cities were gradually put forward and implemented.The brilliant achievements and negative effects of the industrial revolution were also brought to the United States. Olmstead’s planning and design of parks and the park system, campuses, settlements and natural protected areas laid the foundation of the landscape architecture discipline in the United States. In the early 20th century, when the American landscape architecture major was initially established at Harvard University, it was positioned in a fairly wide range, covering the urban parks and green space system, scenic lanes, residential areas, campuses, property development, farms and national parks[3].

After the World War II, the U.S. economy entered a period of continued prosperity. Middleclass families gradually moved to new communities with beautiful environments in the suburbs,and large enterprises were also relocated to new suburban bases. The construction of suburban residential areas led to the revival of the new town movement in the United States. Scenic suburban residential areas and enterprise parks became a new field of practice of the American landscape architecture sector during the period. The building of expressways changed the traditional water transport mode, and the urban waterfront areas were freed from the occupation of docks,warehouses and industrial facilities. This provided an opportunity for shaping the waterfront public space. The soaring construction activities promoted rapid development of the landscape architecture education in the United States. Since the number of registered students skyrocketed, many universities offered more advanced courses and degrees, and the content of education also revolved around these areas of practice[4].

However, industrial development and urban expansion also brought dramatic increases in pollution, which damaged the natural environment and ecosystems. The environmental movement emerging in the 1960s made more people pay attention to nature and ecology. The ecological thought and aesthetics led to the rise of a series of theories and practice in landscape architecture planning and design. Ian McHarg proposed the possibility and necessity to adapt to natural characteristics to create a human living environment. He took the entire landscape as an ecosystem, and adopted the factor stratification analysis and map superposition techniques as the core in planning. He also changed the curriculum of the University of Pennsylvania where he taught,offering courses in ecology, human ecology,topographies, hydrology and soils, and changing the department name to the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning[5].

Since the 1970s, landscape planning has become an important area of the German landscape architecture major, and some special ecological planning methods were developed to improve spatial planning, regional planning and land use planning[6]. During the same period,following the decline of traditional industries,such as coal and steel, some old industrial bases in Germany faced grave environmental, economic and social crises, such as severe environmental pollution, closure of mines and factories, reduced regional population, and high unemployment rate.To promote the revival of these regions, Germany took a series of effective measures for rectification and update: carry out ecological regeneration projects for rivers, transform mines and factories into large parks and green spaces, and improve the ecological environment of the regions; renovate industrial buildings and reuse them; introduce new industries to promote employment. These measures gave new life to the old industrial bases,and set a model for the transformation of other old industrial zones in the world. Brownfield restoration, river ecological regeneration, and reuse of industrial sites - these disciplinary fields that emerged in the post-industrial era were aspects of great concern to the practice and education of landscape architecture in the last 30 years of the last century. Their influence has continued to this day, and is of far-reaching significance.

In the past hundred years, humans have relied on fuels such as oil and coal to provide the energy needed for production and life. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide that is emitted from burning these fossil energy sources are the main factors enhancing the greenhouse effect on the Earth’s surface and causing global climate change.Extreme climates have frequented the Earth, melted glaciers, made sea level rise, destructed the natural ecosystem, and threatened the survival of species.To cope with global climate change, since the 1990s,the concepts of resilient cities, carbon reduction and low carbon and related strategies have become hot spots in landscape architecture research and practice. Low impact development and resilience design have entered the courses in universities.

Although landscape architecture is a comprehensive discipline, the need of practice has always been the most fundamental driving force for the development of the discipline.Changes in social life and progress in science and technology have promoted the expansion of the scope of practice of landscape architecture, and cross-integration with more and more disciplines.Therefore, it is precisely the problems constantly appearing in the human living environment that promote the extension of the modern landscape architecture discipline and the development of the industry, and promote the content of landscape architecture education to expand in a broader and more inclusive direction.

2 Landscape Architecture Education Should Be Closely Related to Practice

The goal of the landscape architecture education is to cultivate talents who can study, plan,design, build and manage the problems that need to be solved in practice. Therefore, our education should let the students have a deep understanding of the landscape architecture practice. Landscape architecture is a comprehensive interdisciplinary discipline, involving the knowledge and skills of the disciplines of garden, architecture, urban and rural planning, horticulture, ecology, and municipal engineering. What the students learn is very complicated. To sum up, the landscape architecture education is to let the students study the problems encountered in practice, understand how to solve the problems effectively, and master the methods in practice. Specifically, it covers the following: 1) What has happened to the landscape architecture discipline in the past? What ideas, experiences and technologies have been accumulated? That is, the historical background, classical theories and classic cases of the discipline. 2) What is the landscape architecture industry doing right now? What problems is it facing?How to solve them? What are the methods? That is,today’s subject field, theoretical research focus and existing achievements, contemporary practical cases and the ideas and technologies behind them.

與收付實現制相比，權責發生制更能真實反映核算單位的經營狀況。制劑室，作為醫院的獨立核算部門，隨著制劑固定成本的投入增大，制劑成本的核算唯有基于權責發生制，才能使成本更符合實際。

The very important purpose of these studies is to let the students have the ability to apply the theories and methods learned to plan and design specific sites and objects. Ideally, every student who has received an undergraduate landscape architecture education for four years is able to understand these contents and master basic planning and design skills. After this, students should focus on learning according to their own characteristics,and choose different development directions. Since social changes are becoming increasingly rapid, the cycle of professional knowledge iteration is getting shorter and shorter, and many aspects of future development are unpredictable, students must have the ability to self-educate and learn, and integrate what they have learned, while specializing in some specific areas of research and practice, to solve possible problems today and even in the future.

The previous education system was formulated around the cultivation of landscape architecture planners, and a large number of planning and design course training is designed to enable students to cultivate their ability as designers as soon as possible in a limited time. However, the reality is that in addition to planning and design, the overall practice of landscape architecture also needs theoretical research, engineering construction, plant cultivation, management and maintenance works.In theory, with the expansion of the discipline field,landscape architecture needs more and more talents.However, in different links, corresponding trained professionals are required. Therefore, landscape architecture talents should be cultivated in various directions under the framework of landscape architecture, adapting to the needs of different positions such as research, planning and design,construction and management. Although the training of planning designers is the most difficult,and needs elaborate efforts of institutions of higher learning, planning designers only occupy a small part of a healthy and mature landscape architecture industry, and universities can train high-quality talents for other career directions in the industry,and promote comprehensive and coordinated development of the industry. For example, we can consider establishing a 1+N elastic training model.Having completed a basic but comprehensive landscape architecture theory and practical learning process, the students, along with their own characteristics, can choose a series of courses in a special direction to prepare for the future career development. We can also borrow the experience of the architecture major to offer necessary internship practice in senior undergraduate grades, so that students can have a deep understanding of the process of landscape architecture practice.

According to the specific content of landscape architecture practice, the education of institutions of higher learning needs to be stratified. High-level and large-scale design and engineering enterprises are concentrated in the first- and second-tier cities.The high-end landscape architecture talents are also clustered in these cities, while the local places are short of talents. This leads to the poor performance of landscape architecture design, construction and management in third- and fourth-tier cities.Local colleges and universities should cultivate specialized talents with practical application ability according to the local needs. It is apparent from the current landscape architecture industry situation that researches are basically dominated by colleges and universities, and a few important planning and design programs are undertaken by the first- and second-tier city design enterprises. Local design enterprises tend to serve a large number of general projects and small- and medium-sized projects in the places, whose construction and management are assumed by the local talents. Therefore, the quality of local landscape architecture talents is the key to determine the development level of landscape architecture in the area. Whether they are committed to cultivating leading talents in landscape architecture theoretical research, planning and design, or cultivating local design, construction and management talents, the colleges and universities are enriching and improving the talent echelon of Chinese landscape architecture to lay a solid foundation for the development of the industry.

The teaching mission closely related to practice needs to be undertaken by teachers of practical experience, as it can not only give students appropriate guidance, but also promote the continuous feedback of new ideas obtained in practice into education. However, at present,under the pressure of various academic evaluation systems, the trend of placing emphasis on theory over practice is becoming more and more serious among college teachers. Some teachers who are barely or even never involved in practice are teaching the planning and design courses, giving solutions to the students, and making judgment of student works. There is a suspicion of idle theorizing and leading the young people astray. In those days, when Olmsted Jr. established the landscape architecture major at Harvard University, he was seeking the interconnection between practice and education.Later many deans of Harvard departments, such as Hideo Sasaki, Peter Walker and Laurie Olin, were themselves outstanding designers. They integrated their deep understanding of the discipline gained in practice into their teaching and research, and led the development direction of Harvard landscape architecture discipline[5]. There is no doubt that institutions of higher learning are the main body of undertaking theoretical research, but they should not be research institutes. Good practice itself is theoretical. Only by realizing the trinity of education,research and practice, can we promote the healthy development of landscape architecture education.

3 Landscape Architecture Education Should Face the Industry Future

Education is a long cycle of work. It takes four to ten years to train talents to enter the workplace, and it takes even longer for them to become the backbone of the industry. In this ever-changing era, today’s glamorous field may end in doom tomorrow. The most rewarding technology now may be the basic skill of everyone in a few years. Education should be based on the foresight researches of universities, capture the future needs of the industry, lay a foundation for students in advance, or cultivate some futureoriented professionals to promote the sustainable development of the industry.

As education practitioners, we should think about what problems the landscape architecture industry needs to solve in the future? What changes and new opportunities the development of science,technology, society and culture can bring to the discipline? What new contributions landscape architecture can make to the human living environment?

First of all, part of the problems we need to face in the future are something common in the development process of countries around the world. Due to the development time gap between China and developed countries, we may just start to face or are about to face the problems western developed countries have experienced, studied and dealt with. However, considering the different national conditions, the same problems will have different manifestations in China and with Chinese characteristics. For example, in the process of modernization and urbanization, various countries may have caused environmental damage to varying degrees, and need a restoration for nature. Ecological restoration, including soil restoration, river restoration,vegetation restoration, and habitat restoration, are closely related to natural conditions. The natural conditions and ecosystems vary in each country and region, and there will also be differences in the objectives and means of repair. China needs to study the theories and technologies of ecological restoration on the degree of natural damage in different regions.Similarly, responding to urban disasters in resilient cities or urban renewal under the development trend of urban stock, we should also put forward our own ideas and solutions based on the natural, cultural and social characteristics of China while referring to the experience of other countries.

In addition, part of what we need to solve are problems with Chinese characteristics, such as the destruction of China’s landscape characteristics and the disappearance of regional landscape characteristics. In the long agricultural civilization,the Chinese people built water conservancy facilities according to the natural conditions,reclaimed farmland, built villages and cities,forming a complete set of unique ways of land consolidation and land use. In the process of China’s transformation from a traditional society based on agricultural civilization to a modern society based on industrial civilization, China’s unique land use mode accumulated over thousands of years was almost completely abandoned, which shattered the traditional landscape harmony, and the urban and rural dependent landscape. The traditional land use method is comprehensive and versatile. The resulting natural system inside and outside the city still serves as the most important green infrastructure in the region, which also carries the local history and culture and reflects the characteristics of the regional landscape. We should re-understand and draw on the ideas and experience of the ancient in soil and water improvement, city building practice and landscape shaping from a scientific perspective, cherish and protect the remaining territorial landscape heritage,and seek ways of construction compatible with the ancient experience in today’s new pattern of unified territorial space planning and control[7]. Moreover,as the previous long-term population control policy has caused the low fertility rate and the rapid aging of the population today, China has become the first developing country to enter the aging society.According to the results of the 7th national census,the Chinese birth rate was only 8.5% in 2020, and the population aged 60 and older accounted for more than 18%, which far exceeded the 10% international definition of an aging society, and China has entered a seriously aging society. It is expected that by 2030,the proportion of the Chinese population over 60 will reach about 25%, and the aging process will be further accelerated[8]. The severe population situation has made the country encourage childbirth and actively deal with the aging population, listing it as a major strategic task concerning the overall situation at present and for a period to come. Therefore,carrying out a comprehensive aging-friendly design and building a child-friendly environment is not only a technical problem to be solved in the landscape architecture industry in the future, but also a longterm social issue.

The last part of the problem is the new situations and new problems that human society may encounter in its development. At present,the information technology is changing the global society in an unprecedented way. The coordinated development of urbanization and informatization is a new model of urban development in the new era. The information technology, such as big data and artificial intelligence, has provided a more scientific and efficient decision-making basis and management method than manual operation,thanks to the excellent information collection,analysis and processing capabilities. It has been applied in landscape architecture planning,design, analysis and management, and the future application prospects are immeasurable. Relying on the new generation information technology,traditional cities can develop into smart ones that are deeply integrated with digitalization and the Internet of Things, thus profoundly influencing the operation mode of cities, and will inevitably bring changes in the urban material space form. Different functional spaces of cities are likely to reorganize,with their distribution and proportions adjusted and new functional spaces emerging. Green space may play a new role and have new functions in the future smart cities. The information society has also changed the way of urban and rural operation.The management of transportation and municipal infrastructure has changed from government assuming responsibility to the participation of multiple subjects including the government and enterprises. In the future, enterprises, social organizations and even individuals will have more and more opportunities to participate in the decision-making, operation and management of urban and rural areas[9]. In the face of great changes in science, technology, society and economy, the practitioners need to think: How can the new technology be applied to all aspects of landscape architecture to promote the progress of the discipline? Are there other paths and better options to solve existing problems? What impact will work and lifestyle changes have on the industry? In the future, great changes can happen in all links of the landscape architecture industry, and educators need to take precautions and plan out in advance.

4 Conclusion

Richard Weller, former dean of the Department of Landscape Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania, said that for landscape architecture,if it is to fulfill its discipline mission and develop its professional potential, its knowledge and creativity must satisfy such a clue from the small-scale urban space to the large-scale regional landscape[10]. In the new era, the content and teaching methods of landscape architecture education are constantly updated. But landscape architecture should always cultivate professionals who can coordinate the relationship between artificial construction and the natural environment. They need to understand the principles of nature, the construction logic and technology of the living environment, the needs of people in society, and the regional history and culture. Meanwhile, they must also have aesthetic cultivation and creativity, and technical methods that match the times. Higher education in landscape architecture should stress the construction of basic knowledge framework system, and train students to establish correct values and methodology. On this basis, students will have the ability to obtain more knowledge and make the correct judgment. In this process, the education should be enlightening,cultivating students’ comprehensive thinking ability rather than imparting knowledge. It should be diversified and offer multiple solutions, rather than providing stereotyped methods and answers. The education should also be the cultivation of vision and learning ability. Knowledge will be outmoded,and techniques will fall behind, but a broad vision can give people the ability to accept new things. The development of learning ability also helps to achieve continuous learning and self-improvement at various stages of career.

In the 21st century when China is building the ecological civilization, landscape architecture plays an increasingly important role in the construction of living environment. As a post-developing country, China has a natural advantage in learning from the development experience of others.Learning and following were the mainstream of Chinese landscape architecture discipline and educational development in the first 40 years.Today, China is getting closer to some first developed countries in the urbanization level and some aspects of economy and society. But China has its own unique geographical, natural, historical,cultural, social and economic systems. It cannot find readily available answers in the world for many of the problems it is facing now and in the future. Therefore, we must make solid researches,think seriously, and strive to create, to put forward new theories and methods, create new cases, and innovate education, so that China’s landscape architecture can make a greater contribution to the development of the world landscape architecture.

Historically, China has a land use path accumulated over 5,000 years that adapts to its unique natural environment and climate conditions, and has formed a distinct living environment design system that integrates mountains, water, fields, towns and gardens. From the current perspective, the education,research and practice of Chinese modern landscape architecture, after decades of accumulation, has gained unprecedented development opportunities under the backdrop of the country’s intensified efforts to promote ecological progress. It is now time for the Chinese landscape architecture sector to further think, refine and learn from the experience and lessons unique to the environmental maintenance and construction in Chinese history, face the real problems in the country, put forward a systematic Chinese landscape architecture theory and establish a landscape architecture education system with Chinese characteristics.

(Editor / LIU Yufei)