楊佩穎,劉宏根,賈英杰
消巖湯干預Beclin1-YAP1環路逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥研究
楊佩穎,劉宏根,賈英杰
天津中醫藥大學第一附屬醫院,國家中醫針灸臨床醫學研究中心,天津 300381
探討消巖湯逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥的具體分子機制。高表達Beclin1肺腺癌耐藥(lung adenocarcinoma drug-resistant,A549/DDP)、低表達Beclin1 A549/DDP、高表達Yes關聯蛋白1(Yes-associated protein 1,YAP1)A549/DDP和低表達YAP1 A549/DDP細胞分別給予消巖湯和順鉑干預,采用Transwell和克隆形成實驗檢測細胞侵襲和增殖;采用Western blotting檢測Beclin1、YAP1、P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)、肺耐藥相關蛋白(lung resistance-related protein,LRP)、轉錄調節因子(transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif,TAZ)、磷酸化信號轉導與轉錄激活因子3(phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3,p-STAT3)、哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)表達。BALB/c小鼠sc高表達Beclin1 A549/DDP、低表達Beclin1 A549/DDP、高表達YAP1 A549/DDP和低表達YAP1 A549/DDP細胞建立移植瘤模型,ig消巖湯和瘤內注射順鉑治療14 d,采用免疫組化檢測腫瘤Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達。消巖湯聯合順鉑作用于高表達Beclin1和高表達YAP1肺癌細胞株,細胞侵襲和增殖能力增強(<0.05),而低表達Beclin1和低表達YAP1肺癌細胞株,肺癌耐藥細胞株侵襲和增殖能力減弱(<0.05);低表達Beclin1肺癌細胞株Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯降低(<0.05);高表達Beclin1肺癌細胞株Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯升高(<0.05);低表達YAP1肺癌細胞株p-STAT3、TAZ、Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯降低(<0.05);高表達YAP1肺癌細胞株TAZ、Beclin1、YAP1和P-gp蛋白表達水平均明顯升高(<0.05)。小鼠移植瘤模型中,高表達Beclin1組和高表達YAP1組瘤體大于對照組,而低表達Beclin1組和低表達YAP1組瘤體小于對照組。消巖湯通過Beclin1直接影響YAP1表達,消巖湯又可通過YAP1-TAZ通路影響Beclin1表達,消巖湯可能通過干預Beclin1-YAP1環路逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥。
消巖湯;肺癌;順鉑;耐藥;Beclin1;YAP1
肺癌是我國發病率和死亡率較高的惡性腫瘤之一,化療是晚期肺癌患者有效的治療方法之一[1]。然而在肺癌的化療過程中,容易出現耐藥,這將意味著腫瘤細胞對化療藥物敏感性下降,化療藥物作用減弱,影響患者治療效果[2]。因此亟需探究化療耐藥機制。自噬對于組織細胞發育、細胞的代謝需求及細胞器的更新有著重要意義,自噬與化療耐藥密切相關[3]。Beclin1作為自噬啟動過程的標志,與順鉑耐藥密切相關[4],研究認為Beclin1可作為逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥的靶點[5]。天津中醫藥大學第一附屬醫院院內制劑消巖湯臨床應用多年,配合放化療在穩定患者腫瘤病灶等方面均有良好療效,同時在改善證候和改善化療的不良反應等方面也有較好的作用[6]。前期課題組發現消巖湯能夠增加肺癌細胞對順鉑的敏感性,逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥,其機制可能與Beclin1和Yes關聯蛋白1(Yes-associated protein 1,YAP1)相關[7],然而其具體分子靶點尚不清晰。因此在前期研究基礎上,本研究進一步探討消巖湯改善肺癌耐藥細胞株對順鉑敏感性、逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥的分子機制。
SPF級雄性BALB/c小鼠25只,6~8周齡,體質量18~20 g,購自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,合格證號110322220102626561,動物生產許可證號SCXK(京)2019-0008。動物于相對濕度50%~60%、室溫(25±2)℃的SPF級動物屏障房內飼養,每籠5只,自由進食飲水,適應性飼養1周后。動物實驗經中國醫學科學院放射醫學研究所實驗動物管理與倫理委員會決議批準(批準號IRM-DWLL-2022185)。
A549/DDP細胞購自上海博谷生物科技有限公司;高表達Beclin1 A549/DDP(簡稱Ad-Beclin1)、低表達Beclin1 A549/DDP(簡稱Si-Beclin1)、高表達YAP1 A549/DDP(簡稱Ad-YAP1)和低表達YAP1 A549/DDP(簡稱Si-YAP1)細胞由天津時域科技有限公司設計并獲得穩定表達。
消巖湯由黃芪30 g、太子參15 g、郁金10 g、姜黃10 g、夏枯草15 g、白花蛇舌草15 g、生牡蠣30 g、蜂房15 g組成。實驗所用中藥藥材均購自北京盛世龍中藥飲片有限公司,經天津中醫藥大學賈英杰教授鑒定,黃芪為豆科植物蒙古黃芪(Fisch.) Bge. var.(Bge.) Hsiao的干燥根、太子參為石竹科植物孩兒參(Miq.) Pax ex Pax et Hoffm.的干燥塊根、郁金為姜科植物溫郁金Y. H. Chen et C. Ling的干燥塊根、姜黃為姜科植物姜黃L.的干燥根莖、夏枯草為唇形科植物夏枯草L.的干燥果穗、白花蛇舌草為茜草科植物白花蛇舌草(Willd.) Roxb.的全草、生牡蠣為牡蠣科動物長牡蠣Thunberg的貝殼、蜂房為胡蜂科昆蟲果馬蜂(DeGeer)的干燥巢。
順鉑(國藥準字H37021358)購自齊魯制藥有限公司;10%胎牛血清(批號10270106)、RPMI 1640培養基(批號C11875500BT)購自美國Gibco公司;1%青霉素-鏈霉素(批號P1400)購自北京索萊寶科技有限公司;Beclin1抗體(批號ab210498)、YAP1抗體(批號ab76252)、P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)抗體(批號ab103477)、肺耐藥相關蛋白(lung resistance-related protein,LRP)抗體(批號ab92544)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脫氫酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase,GAPDH)抗體(批號ab8245)、轉錄調節因子(transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif,TAZ)抗體(批號ab242313)、磷酸化信號轉導與轉錄激活因子3(phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3,p-STAT3)抗體(批號ab68153)、哺乳動物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)抗體(批號ab134903)購自英國Abcam公司。
IX53型熒光顯微鏡(日本Olympus公司);HSY-28型恒溫水浴鍋(上海躍進醫療器械廠);680型全自動多功能酶標儀、Powerpac Basic電泳儀、小型垂直電泳槽、ChemiDoc XRS凝膠成像系統(美國Bio-Rad公司);Alpha Imager EC凝膠成像系統(美國Alpha Innotech公司);New Brunswich Innova 2100型恒溫搖床(德國Eppendorf公司);HB2448K型無菌操作臺(丹麥Holten laminair公司);TD5Z型低速水平離心機(湖南凱達科學儀器有限公司)。
消巖湯于天津中醫藥大學炮制實驗室制備,取消巖湯全方140 g,其中黃芪30 g、太子參15 g、郁金10 g、姜黃10 g、夏枯草15 g、白花蛇舌草15 g、生牡蠣30 g、蜂房15 g,混勻,加入10倍量蒸餾水,浸泡45 min,煮沸45 min,濾過;濾渣加入8倍量蒸餾水,煮沸30 min,濾過,合并2次濾液,蒸餾濃縮,置70~80 ℃水浴中濃縮至300 mL,濃縮液為棕黃色液體,生藥量為2.9 g/mL,冷卻裝入滅菌藥瓶,于4 ℃冰箱保存備用。
2.2.1 細胞培養 所有細胞用含10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-鏈霉素的RPMI 1640培養基,于37 ℃、5% CO2培養箱中培養。
2.2.2 Transwell實驗 設置對照組、Ad-Beclin1組、Si-Beclin1、Ad-YAP1和Si-YAP15組,Ad5/dE1A感染細胞24 h后,收集各組細胞,用無血清RPMI 1640培養基制成單細胞懸液,接種至Transwell小室內(5×103個/孔),Transwell下室加入含20%胎牛血清的RPMI 1640培養基,每組設3個復孔,每組加入消巖湯30 mg/mL和順鉑(80 μmol/mL)[7],于37 ℃、5% CO2培養箱中培養96 h。取出Transwell小室,用棉簽拭去膜上層未遷移的細胞,70%甲醇固定30 min,結晶紫染色10 min。于顯微鏡下拍照并統計膜背面上的細胞數。
2.2.3 克隆形成實驗 設置對照組、Ad-Beclin1組、Si-Beclin1、Ad-YAP1和Si-YAP15組,Ad5/dE1A感染細胞24 h后,收集各組細胞,以400個/孔接種于6孔板中,培養10~14 d,直到大多數單個細胞集落含有50個細胞以上時停止培養。以4%多聚甲醛固定細胞后,加入0.1%結晶紫溶液染色,拍照并計數。
2.2.4 Western blotting實驗 設置對照組、Ad-Beclin1組、Si-Beclin1、Ad-YAP1和Si-YAP1 5組,Ad5/dE1A感染細胞24 h后,收集各組細胞,以1×106個/孔接種于6孔板中,培養48 h,收集細胞,加入RIPA裂解液裂解30 min,4 ℃、12 000 r/min離心15 min,提取蛋白。蛋白樣品經10%十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺凝膠電泳,轉至PVDF膜,于5%脫脂牛奶中封閉60 min,分別加入Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp、LRP、TAZ、p-STAT3、mTOR和GAPDH抗體,4 ℃孵育過夜;TBST洗滌3次,每次10 min,加入二抗,室溫孵育60 min;TBST洗滌3次,每次10 min,加入ECL發光試劑顯影。
將25只BALB/c小鼠按照隨機數字法隨機分為對照組、Ad-Beclin1組、Si-Beclin1、Ad-YAP1和Si-YAP1 5組,每組5只。分別取對數生長期的Ad-Beclin1、Si-Beclin1、Ad-YAP1和Si-YAP15細胞及對照組細胞,PBS洗滌2次,1000 r/min離心5 min,棄上清,用生理鹽水調整細胞密度為5×10個/mL,5組小鼠右前腋下接種0.2 mL相應細胞,待小鼠皮下腫瘤的平均直徑達到5 mm時開始給藥,小鼠ig 0.2 mL 2.9 g/mL消巖湯(28.7 mg/g),2次/d,并瘤內注射順鉑(2 mg/kg),1次/d,連續給14 d[8]。
所有數據采用SPSS 22.0軟件進行統計學分析與處理,兩樣本均數的比較選擇檢驗,多組樣本均數的比較應用方差分析。
如圖1-A、B所示,與對照組比較,Ad-Beclin1組和Ad-YAP1組細胞侵襲數均明顯增多(<0.05),Si-Beclin1組和Si-YAP1組細胞侵襲數均明顯減少(<0.05)。
如圖1-C、D所示,與對照組比較,Ad-Beclin1組和Ad-YAP1組細胞克隆數均明顯增多(<0.05),Si-Beclin1組和Si-YAP1組細胞克隆數均明顯減少(<0.05)。
如圖2所示,與對照組比較,Si-Beclin1組Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯降低(<0.05);Ad-Beclin1組Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯升高(<0.05);Si-YAP1組p-STAT3、TAZ、Beclin1、YAP1、P-gp和LRP蛋白表達水平均明顯降低(<0.05);Ad-YAP1組TAZ、Beclin1、YAP1和P-gp蛋白表達水平均明顯升高(<0.05)。

與對照組比較:*P<0.05,下圖同

圖2 消巖湯聯合順鉑對不同蛋白表達的A549/DDP細胞相關蛋白表達的影響(, n = 3)
如圖3所示,Ad-Beclin1組和Ad-YAP1組腫瘤體積明顯大于對照組(<0.05),Si-Beclin1組和Si-YAP1組腫瘤體積明顯小于對照組(<0.05)。

圖3 消巖湯聯合順鉑對移植瘤小鼠腫瘤體積的影響(, n = 5)
腫瘤細胞對化療藥物的耐藥是一個多因素、多步驟的過程,目前對于肺癌順鉑耐藥機制尚無統一認識[9]。研究發現自噬在腫瘤化療過程中起重要作用,化療藥物處理的腫瘤細胞可發生死亡性自噬和保護性自噬。當機體處于病理狀態時,自噬可以作為一種能量的來源為機體提供能量,因此自噬對癌細胞的化療耐藥起到保護的作用,通過干預細胞自噬可作為逆轉細胞耐藥的一種新的治療方法[10]。Beclin1是自噬啟動過程的標志,多項研究發現Beclin1與化療藥物耐藥密切相關[11]。在卵巢癌中,改變Beclin1的表達可以增強凋亡相關蛋白進而提高耐藥細胞對順鉑的敏感性[11]。Beclin1可激活YAP1蛋白,共同促進耐藥的發生[13]。YAP1在調節組織穩態、器官體積、再生及腫瘤形成中發揮重要作用,YAP可通過激活生長因子信號、抑制凋亡、調節DNA損傷反應、促進細胞周期、誘導干細胞樣特性、誘導間充質轉化,引起抗腫瘤治療過程中的耐藥作用[14]。目前常見逆轉耐藥的藥物往往對人體產生很強的心血管、肝、腎毒性或免疫抑制等不良反應,從中藥中尋找理想的耐藥逆轉劑有著廣闊的前景。賈英杰教授根據多年腫瘤臨床經驗并結合中醫現代醫學理論,認為肺癌發病病機為正氣內虛,邪留毒聚,瘀毒并存;在此基礎上根據中藥功效及現代藥理研究擬定消巖湯[15]。前期實驗發現消巖湯能夠抑制肺癌耐藥細胞株增殖及侵襲,提示消巖湯能夠改善肺癌順鉑耐藥細胞株對順鉑的敏感性,進而逆轉耐藥;此外,順鉑聯合消巖湯可能調控自噬相關蛋白表達進而逆轉順鉑耐藥,其靶點可能與Beclin1和YAP1相關[7]。然而消巖湯作用靶點目前尚未清晰,因此本研究通過細胞和動物實驗探討消巖湯逆轉化療耐藥的分子機制。
首先,通過Transwell和克隆形成實驗觀察消巖湯聯合順鉑干預不同蛋白表達下A549/DDP細胞增殖和侵襲情況,結果顯示,消巖湯聯合順鉑作用于高表達Beclin1和高表達YAP1肺癌細胞株,細胞侵襲和增殖能力增強;而作用于低表達Beclin1和低表達YAP1肺癌細胞株,肺癌耐藥細胞株侵襲和增殖能力減弱。初步證實消巖湯聯合順鉑逆轉肺癌耐藥分子通路可能與Beclin1和YAP1相關,與前期研究結果一致[7]。進一步通過檢測相關蛋白表達發現,消巖湯聯合順鉑干預高表達Beclin1耐藥細胞株和低表達Beclin1耐藥細胞株,YAP1、P-gp和LRP和Beclin1的變化趨勢一致,結合文獻報道發現,YAP1蛋白存在Beclin1結合位點,YAP1蛋白結構中WW區域是Beclin1與YAP1結合的關鍵位點[13],推測消巖湯聯合順鉑可以干預Beclin1,進而直接調控YAP1表達進而影響下游基因,從而改變肺癌耐藥細胞對順鉑的敏感性。為進一步探討機制,通過檢測消巖湯聯合順鉑干預高表達YAP1耐藥細胞株和低表達YAP1耐藥細胞株中Beclin1、P-gp和LRP蛋白的表達,發現Beclin1表達與YAP1一致,而P-gp和LRP部分受YAP1表達影響,推測YAP1是否通過某些通路反向影響Beclin1。因此查詢相關文獻尋找YAP1與化療耐藥相關蛋白如p-STAT3[16]、mTOR[17]和TAZ[18]有關,并且通過消巖湯聯合順鉑干預不同表達YAP1肺癌耐藥細胞株觀察相關蛋白的變化,發現TAZ蛋白表達與YAP1表達一致,結合Maroni等[19]研究發現TAZ與腫瘤自噬密切相關,推測消巖湯聯合順鉑可能通過抑制YAP1,激活下游TAZ分子,反向抑制Beclin1的表達。因此,消巖湯聯合順鉑干預肺癌順鉑耐藥可能主要與Beclin1-YAP1環路相關。進一步通過動物實驗進行驗證,構建了不同基因表達BALB/c小鼠移植瘤模型,通過消巖湯聯合順鉑觀察各組小鼠移植瘤體積變化情況,結果與細胞實驗相似,發現Ad-Beclin1組和Ad-YAP1組腫瘤體積明顯大于對照組,Si-Beclin1組和Si-YAP1組腫瘤體積明顯小于對照組。說明消巖湯逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥與Beclin1和YAP1可能具有相關性。
本研究發現消巖湯可能通過Beclin1-YAP1環路逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥,為中醫藥逆轉化療耐藥提供了新的思路,也為中醫藥治療腫瘤提供新的證據。
利益沖突 所有作者均聲明不存在利益沖突
[1] El-Hussein A, Manoto S L, Ombinda-Lemboumba S,. A review of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy for lung cancer treatment [J]., 2021, 21(2): 149-161.
[2] MacDonagh L, Gray S G, Breen E,. Lung cancer stem cells: The root of resistance [J]., 2016, 372(2): 147-156.
[3] Usman R M, Razzaq F, Akbar A,. Role and mechanism of autophagy-regulating factors in tumorigenesis and drug resistance [J]., 2021, 17(3): 193-208.
[4] Xia J L, He Y J, Meng B,. NEK2 induces autophagy-mediated bortezomib resistance by stabilizing Beclin-1 in multiple myeloma [J]., 2020, 14(4): 763-778.
[5] Chen J H, Zhang L M, Zhou H,. Inhibition of autophagy promotes cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death through Atg5 and Beclin1 in A549 human lung cancer cells [J]., 2018, 17(5): 6859-6865.
[6] 趙林林, 王艷亭, 王曉群, 等. 消巖湯治療非小細胞肺癌臨床及基礎研究進展 [J]. 中草藥, 2022, 53(2): 627-634.
[7] 劉宏根, 楊佩穎, 趙林林, 等. 消巖湯逆轉肺癌順鉑耐藥的機制研究 [J]. 中草藥, 2020, 51(9): 2486-2491.
[8] 張瑩, 賈英杰, 李小江, 等. 消巖湯對耐順鉑人肺腺癌A549/DDP細胞多藥耐藥相關蛋白的調控作用 [J]. 中草藥, 2017, 48(13): 2717-2721.
[9] Qin X, Yu S, Xu X,. Comparative analysis of microRNA expression profiles between A549, A549/DDP and their respective exosomes [J]., 2017, 8(26): 42125-42135.
[10] Li Y J, Lei Y H, Yao N,. Autophagy and multidrug resistance in cancer [J]., 2017, 36(1): 52.
[11] Ying H, Qu D, Liu C,. Chemoresistance is associated with Beclin-1 and PTEN expression in epithelial ovarian cancers [J]., 2015 ;9(4):1759-1763.
[12] Yang J, Yao S K. JNK-Bcl-2/Bcl-xL-Bax/Bak pathway mediates the crosstalk between matrine-induced autophagy and apoptosis via interplay with Beclin 1 [J]., 2015, 16(10): 25744-25758.
[13] Zhang Q, Fang X, Zhao W,. The transcriptional coactivator YAP1 is overexpressed in osteoarthritis and promotes its progression by interacting with Beclin-1 [J]., 2019, 689: 210-219.
[14] Hsu P C, You B, Yang Y L,. YAP promotes erlotinib resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer cells [J]., 2016, 7(32): 51922-51933.
[15] 劉筱迪, 李小江, 牟睿宇, 等. 淺析賈英杰教授運用“升降學說”治療肺癌經驗 [J]. 天津中醫藥, 2021, 38(9): 1122-1125.
[16] He L Z, Pratt H, Gao M S,. YAP and TAZ are transcriptional co-activators of AP-1 proteins and STAT3 during breast cellular transformation [J]., 2021, 10: e67312.
[17] Xu M X, Gu M, Zhou J,. Interaction of YAP1 and mTOR promotes bladder cancer progression [J]., 2020, 56(1): 232-242.
[18] Totaro A, Panciera T, Piccolo S. YAP/TAZ upstream signals and downstream responses [J]., 2018, 20(8): 888-899.
[19] Maroni P, Matteucci E, Bendinelli P,. Functions and epigenetic regulation of Wwox in bone metastasis from breast carcinoma: Comparison with primary tumors [J]., 2017,18(1): 75.
Xiaoyan Decoction reverses cisplatin resistance in lung cancer by intervening Beclin1-YAP1 loop
YANG Pei-ying, LIU Hong-gen, JIA Ying-jie
National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China
To explore the mechanism of Xiaoyan Decoction (消巖湯) on reversing cisplatin resistance in lung cancer.Lung adenocarcinoma cells with high expression of Beclin1 drug-resistance (A549/DDP), low expression of Beclin1 A549/DDP, high expression of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) A549/DDP and low expression of YAP1 A549/DDP were intervened by Xiaoyan Decoction and cisplatin respectively, Transwell and clone formation experiments were adopted; Western blotting was used to detect Beclin1, YAP1, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), lung resistance-related protein (LRP), transcriptional co activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) expressions. BALB/c mice were sc cells with high expression of Beclin1 A549/DDP, low expression of Beclin1 A549/DDP, high expression of YAP1 A549/DDP and low expression of YAP1 A549/DDP to establish transplanted tumor models. Mice were ig Xiaoyan Decoction and intratumoral injection of cisplatin for 14 d, Beclin1, YAP1, P-gp and LRP proteins expressions in tumor were detected by immunohistochemistry.Xiaoyan Decoction combined with cisplatin enhanced the invasion and proliferation of lung cancer cell lines with high expression of Beclin1 and high expression of YAP1 (< 0.05), while the invasion and proliferation of lung cancer cell lines with low expression of Beclin1 and low expression of YAP1 were weakened (< 0.05). The protein expression levels of Beclin1, YAP1, P-gp and LRP in lung cancer cell lines with low expression of Beclin1 were significantly decreased (< 0.05). The protein expression levels of Beclin1, YAP1, P-gp and LRP in lung cancer cell lines with high expression of Beclin1 were significantly increased (< 0.05). The expression levels of p-STAT3, TAZ, Beclin1, YAP1, P-gp and LRP in lung cancer cell lines with low expression of YAP1 were significantly decreased (< 0.05). The expression levels of TAZ, Beclin1, YAP1 and P-gp protein in lung cancer cell lines with high expression of YAP1 were significantly increased (< 0.05). In the transplanted tumor model of mice, tumor of high-expression Beclin1 group and high-expression YAP1 group were larger than control group, while tumor of low-expression Beclin1 group and low-expression YAP1 group were smaller than control group.Xiaoyan Decoction directly affects the expression of YAP1 through Beclin1, and Xiaoyan Decoction can affect the expression of Beclin1 through YAP1-TAZ pathway. Xiaoyan Decoction may reverse the cisplatin resistance of lung cancer by intervening Beclin1-YAP1 loop.
Xiaoyan Decoction; lung cancer; cisplatin; drug resistance; Beclin1; YAP1
R285.5
A
0253 - 2670(2023)04 - 1184 - 06
10.7501/j.issn.0253-2670.2023.04.018
2022-09-30
國家自然科學基金資助項目(81904151)
楊佩穎,博士,副主任醫師,從事中西醫結合腫瘤研究。Tel: 18602286127 E-mail: yangpeiying27@126.com
[責任編輯 李亞楠]