空格前后出現by，兩種情況要分開

黃曉麗

語法填空的設空形式分為有提示詞和無提示詞兩種。其中，有提示詞的空，括號中給出動詞，要求考生填該動詞的正確形式是必考點。需要注意的是，從高考題和模擬題來看，空格前后出現介詞by的頻率非常高。本文按by出現在空格前和空格后兩種情況，分別闡述。

一、介詞by位于設空提示詞前

介詞by位于提示詞前這類考點比較簡單，由于by是介詞，后常接動名詞或名詞作賓語。因此，一般情況下，只需把括號里的動詞轉換為動名詞（doing）或名詞形式即可。

[例1]（2019年全國I卷）Scientists have responded by__________（note）that hungry bears may be congregating（聚集）around human settlements， leading to the illusion（錯覺）that populations are higher than they actually are.

解析：由空前介詞by可知，此處應填note的動名詞形式noting。

[例2]（2017年全國I卷）Fast food is full of fat and salt; by__________（eat）more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet.

解析：由空前介詞by提示可知，此處應填eat的動名詞形式eating。

二、介詞by位于設空提示詞后

介詞by位于提示詞后這類考點的考查比較頻繁，難度較大。要求考生具有分析句子結構的能力，首先應該準確判斷該空應填謂語動詞還是非謂語形式。若應填謂語，則需根據句子的語境，準確判斷動詞的時態及語態;若應填非謂語形式，則根據句意，應填動詞的過去分詞形式，在句中常作定語和狀語。

1. 考查謂語動詞

根據句子結構，英語句子可分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。

簡單句只含有一個主謂結構。

并列句是由并列連詞（and，or，but等）連接的兩個或兩個以上的分句，即：S1+并列連詞+S2。

復合句是由“主句+引導詞+從句（定語從句、狀語從句、名詞性從句）”構成的句子。

[例3] In fact， Chinese food in Boston __________（influence）by not just Chinese immigration to the city， but also the large Italian and Irish immigrant population there.

解析：因句中沒有別的謂語動詞，所以influence應為謂語動詞;根據句意和by的提示可知，應填一般現在時的被動語態，即is influenced。

[例4]When the fish__________（find）by a fisherman in the Yangtze River Basin， it had been suffering from multiple injuries.

解析：因從句中沒有別的謂語動詞，所以find應為謂語;由主句時態可知用一般過去時;又根據句意和by的提示，可知用被動語態;故填一般過去時的被動語態，即was found。

[例5]Emerson Weber， a fifth-grade student in Sioux Falls， __________（know）by family and friends for the thoughtful and frequent letters she send， each wrapped in an envelope decorated with her own design.

解析：句中she send是定語從句，主語中缺少謂語，故know應為謂語動詞;根據句意和by的提示，可知填一般現在時的被動語態，即is known。

2. 考查非謂語動詞

[例6]__________（design）by IBM， Project Debater（辯手）is a machine that uses Artificial Intelligence（AI）to form a spoken argument.

解析：空格前沒有主語，顯然是非謂語動詞;因句子主語Project Debater與design是被動關系，填過去分詞designed，注意句首應大寫，即Designed。

[例7]According to a survey __________（conduct）by sohu.com， only about40% of the 3500 people surveyed like the idea of“naked marriage”.

解析：因According to...是介詞短語，而非句子，可知conduct為非謂語動詞;又由conduct a survey（進行調查），且有by的提示，可知填過去分詞conducted作后置定語。

[例8]（2015年全國I卷）A study of travelers __________ （conduct）by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

解析：因句中已有謂語動詞names，所以conduct應為非謂語動詞;由句意和by的提示，可知填過去分詞conducted作后置定語。

[例9]（2015年全國II卷）The adobe dwellings（土坯房）__________（build）by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

解析：因句中已有謂語動詞are admired，所以build應為非謂語動詞;根據句意和by的提示，可知填過去分詞built作后置定語。

[例10]Nearly three working hours __________（estimate）by the World Bank is lost each day， at a cost of billions of dollars each year.

解析：因句中已有謂語is lost，所以estimate應為非謂語動詞;根據句意和by的提示，可知填過去分詞estimated作后置定語。

鞏固練習

1. The Chinese traditional culture can__________ （test）by the time.

2. They__________ （train）by their masters who had great experience with caring for these animals.

3. When the two online celebrities __________（interview）by reporters on Friday， the two seemed to have already forgiven each other after three days.

4. She initially __________（encourage）by her nephew， who asked Gan to be the main character in his short videos featuring country life.

5. Li Ziqi has risen to fame over the past years by__________（make）videos about traditional Chinese foods and village life.

6. In 1969， Nelson developed the idea for Earth Day after __________（inspire）by the anti-Vietnam War“teach-ins”that were taking place on college campuses around the United States.

參考答案

1. be tested 2. were trained 3. were interviewed 4. was encouraged 5. making 6. being inspired

責任編輯 蔣小青