林曉研
高考英語七選五文本通常是說明文。說明文抽象度高,邏輯關聯性強,考生常因對上下文的理解不到位,而導致猶豫不決或選錯答案。其原因是只關注局部,不注重語篇分析,沒把握主旨。因此,為幫助考生正確判斷設空句與前后句的邏輯關系,提高準確率,本文探討解答七選五的另一做題技巧——邏輯關系法。
一、修辭結構理論
修辭結構理論指出,篇章的各個方面(句與句、段與段)都是彼此聯系的。每個句子都像篇章的附屬零件,零件間有著許多從屬關系。這些從屬關系使得文章結構緊密且富有邏輯連貫性。修辭結構理論的修辭關系有二十余種,其中常見的修辭關系有并列關系、遞進關系、轉折關系、因果關系、條件關系等。本文從結構理論的視角出發,以2016~2021年高考英語七選五真題為例,闡述五類邏輯關系,以及如何利用兩類提示詞判斷上下文的關聯。
二、五類修辭關系
1. 因果關系
表示因果關系的提示詞,常見的有because, so, thus, therefore, consequently, as a result, so...that...等。
[例1](2021年新高考I卷)
My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.? ? ?36? ? ? So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
解析:空前句說,“我和丈夫剛在巴黎呆了一周。”空后的句子由表示結果的so引出,“因此我們做的第一件事是……”可見,空格句應是說明租公寓的原因。因此,F選項“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians. (我們的目的是看看我們能否在某種程度上,過上地道巴黎人的生活)”最符合本空。
2. 遞進關系
表示遞進關系的提示詞有also, even, besides, furthermore, in addition, whats more等。
[例2](2021年新高考I卷)
The place wasnt entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing(水管)worked.? ? ?37? ? ?Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said,“Ouverture des portes,”in perfect French.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
解析:由前空的“the plumbing worked(水管能用)”,空后“even had a tiny lift(甚至有一個小電梯)”,特別是表示遞進關系的even可知,空格句和空前、空后句都是說明住所的配備條件的。只有C項“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed”最契合此處。
3. 條件關系
表示條件關系的提示詞有if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that...等。
[例3](2019年全國I卷)Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to“go out and get some fresh air.”? ? ?36? ? ? According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES,if the air quality in your camping area is good.
B. So what are you waiting for?
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
解析:由空后句中的answer 和YES(回答是肯定的)可知,設空處應為疑問句。再者,由if引導的條件句“如果露營的地方空氣質量好的話”可知,E選項“But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?(但新鮮空氣是否真的如你媽媽說的那樣好?)”為最佳選項。
4. 轉折關系
表示轉折關系的提示詞有but, however, while, yet, though, nevertheless, otherwise等。
[例5](2017年全國I卷)
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness(荒野).? ? ? 38? ? ? Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
解析:由空后的Instead(相反)可知,設空處與之后的句子的是轉折關系,從空格后中的a pop-up camper(彈出式露營車)、comfortable beds(舒服的床)、an air conditioner(空調)、all the necessities of life(所有的生活必需品)可知,此次露營條件較為優越舒適。故A選項“This time there was no tent(這次沒有帳篷)為最佳選項。
5. 并列關系
并列邏輯關系的提示詞,通常有first, second...next, then, not only...but also,neither...nor, both...and..., some...others..., for one thing...for another...等。
[例6](2016年新課標II卷)
If youd like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth.? ? ? 20? ? ?. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
B. Find a good place for your own garden
G. For each of those gardens, writer down the strongest memory you have
解析:空前句子闡述本段主旨“如果你想和花園建立牢固的關系”,應該怎么做。首先,“花些時間回憶一下你年輕時的花園。”空后的句子由then引出,“然后走出去,制定一個計劃,把兒童時對花園的記憶轉化為成人的花園。”由此可見,空處的句子,是對空格前一句的注釋,后面的then...一句與前面內容并列;故G選項“For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have(寫下每個花園你印象最深刻的部分)”為最佳選項。
除因果、遞進、并列、轉折、條件關系外,七選五語篇有時還有例證關系,對比關系等。綜上所述,做好七選五,首先要通讀全文,把握文章的結構。其次,在設空處上下句子中尋找兩種關鍵詞(1)表達作者觀點態度的關鍵詞,如動詞、形容詞、副詞、名詞等;(2)修辭結構中提示讀者邏輯關系的關鍵詞,如so, even, instead, if, then等。這樣,我們可以更加清晰地把握句子之間、段落之間的邏輯關系,提高七選五的正解率。
責任編輯 蔣小青