《教育中的人工智能：學習速度的變化》（一）

Product by UNESCO IITE （The UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education）聯合國教科文組織教育信息技術研究所

該報告為UNESCO IITE新推出的“教育的數字化轉型”（Digital Transformation of Education）系列出版物的第一期。據悉，“教育的數字化轉型”系列將包括政策簡報、分析報告和反思論文，以探討由于技術的使用及其對教育和人類生活其他領域的影響，教育領域正在發生和正在出現的根本性變化。

Executive Summary

AI will play a pivotal role in helping to realize the promise of personalized learning —the ability to tailor the delivery， the content and the pace of learning to the specific needs of each individual student. The ability to ingest data from multiple data sources， interrogate that data and to derive insights — using tools such as predictive analytics and machine learning — is what makes AI such an exciting advancement in education technology.

For students， AIs ability to make connections between disparate data sources will help to identify areas where real-time interventions or additional assistance may be required. As a result， AI makes it possible to devise a tailored or individualized learning pathway for each student which is specific to them and designed to accommodate their strengths， weaknesses， talents and challenges. Advanced analytics and machine learning also hold significant potential for the development of social and emotional learning skills as they allow educators to personalize instruction and to analyse both qualitative and quantitative data to assist with a students mastery of these skills. By enabling students to learn at any time， in any place， technology is also helping to democratize education and offers learners currently unable to attend a physical school the opportunity to achieve their full potential.

The effective use of AI， Data & Analytics and Machine Learning can enable educators to deliver engaging， immersive educational experiences. The promise of AI for teachers lies in its ability to increase the effectiveness of their teaching and to assist them in providing the ideal conditions in which their students can learn and grow. By analysing all of the available data sources and generating insights to guide in the creation of personalized learning pathways， AI can save educators significant amounts of time that would otherwise have to be spent studying and collating such data. Data and Analytics can also support effective teamwork across a school. Subject teachers， department heads， counselling and welfare services and school leadership can coordinate efforts and collaborate in the building and delivery of individualized support programs based on a shared set of learnings and indicators.

Despite the promise of AI， significant challenges remain， particularly in regard to equity of opportunity. 43% of the worlds population still do not have access to the internet， and an estimated 40% of people have never once been online. Learners who have limited access to the information required to assist them in their studies and the ability to generate and share electronic data， may be disadvantaged when it comes to the building of personalized learning pathways which adequately identify and address their needs.

If all learners are to reap the rewards of AI in education， regulation and ethical frameworks will be required. How can we ensure that gender， racial， socioeconomic and ability biases are not introduced at the programming level？ How can we ensure that social and cultural stereotypes are not promulgated？ How can we ensure that all learners， regardless of where they live， have the same access to the benefits which will accrue？ Given the power and influence such technologies will come to have in shaping the education — and by extension the opportunities and potentially the values of learners — transparency and oversight will be required to ensure that AI-enabled technologies conform to and strengthen fundamental human rights. AI technologies are continually evolving — emergent technologies such as Cognitive Services， Virtual， Mixed and Augmented Reality and the Internet of Things are reshaping our world and providing all stakeholders in education with opportunities to advance teaching and learning， and ethical challenges which will need to be addressed.

AI will play an important part in tackling the next great challenge being offered to education technologists： how to support personalized assessment. Current forms of assessment are seldom aligned to the skills that will be demanded of students when they enter the world of work. Multiple-choice， long- and short-form examinations can serve to evaluate some of the higher-order thinking skills that will be required in a 21st century environment—recall， comparison， analysis and inference—but soft skills， ‘people skills， moral character， teamwork， collaboration and the ability to work effectively as part of a team are difficult to evaluate using these traditional forms.

AI will form part of the foundation for the educational experiences and opportunities students will enjoy in the coming decade. AI in education is already delivering real benefits and will prove a powerful catalyst for change.

譯文

摘要

有效的個性化學習將成為現實，人工智能發揮了核心作用——讓系統能根據每個學生的特定需求定制學習的傳輸方式、內容和速度。能從多個數據源獲取數據、查詢數據并得出見解（使用預測分析和機器學習等工具），是人工智能在教育技術領域取得如此驚人進步的原因。

對學生來說，人工智能在不同數據源之間建立聯系的能力，將有助于確定那些可能需要實時干預或額外援助的領域。因此，人工智能可以為每個學生設計一個量身定制的或個性化的學習路徑，該路徑面向學習者設計，旨在適應他們的優勢、劣勢、才能和困擾。先進的分析技術和機器學習對社會情感學習技能的發展也具有巨大潛力，因為它們允許教育者個性化教學，并分析定性和定量數據，以幫助學生掌握這些技能。通過讓學生隨時隨地學習，科技助力于教育民主化，并為目前無法上體育學校的學生提供充分發揮潛力的機會。

有效使用人工智能、數據分析以及機器學習，可以讓教育者營造引人入勝的沉浸式教育體驗。人工智能對教師的好處在于它能夠提高教師的教學效率，幫助教師為學生提供學習和成長的理想條件。通過分析所有可用的數據源并產生見解，指導創建個性化學習路徑，人工智能可以為教育工作者節省大量的時間，否則他們將不得不花費時間研究和整理這些數據。數據分析還可以支持整個學校團隊的有效合作。學科教師、部門負責人、咨詢和福利服務機構及學校領導可根據一些共享的經驗和指標，在建立和提供個性化支持項目方面進行協調和協作。

盡管人工智能前景廣闊，但仍然存在重大挑戰，特別是在機會公平方面。世界上43%的人口仍然無法訪問互聯網，大概有40%的人從未上過網。學習者無法獲得幫助他們學習所需的信息以及生成和共享電子數據的能力，在建立個性化學習路徑以此來充分識別和滿足個人需求時，他們可能處于不利地位。

如果想讓所有學習者都能在教育中享有人工智能帶來的益處，監管和道德框架必不可少。我們如何確保在編程層面不會引入性別、種族、社會經濟和能力等偏見？我們如何確保社會和文化中老一套的觀念不被傳播？我們如何確保所有學習者，無論身處何地，都有同等機會去獲得人工智能將帶來的好處？考慮到此類技術在塑造教育方面的力量和影響力，以及學習者的機會和潛在價值，未來將需要透明度和大力監督，以確保人工智能技術符合并加強基本人權。人工智能技術在不斷發展——認知服務，虛擬、混合和增強現實以及物聯網等新興技術正在重塑我們的世界，并為教育領域的所有利益相關者提供推進教學的機會，需要應對解決一些倫理挑戰。

人工智能將在解決教育技術人員面臨的下一個重大挑戰上發揮重要作用：如何開展個性化評估。當前的評估形式很少與學生進入社會工作時所需的技能保持一致。多項選擇題、長式和短式考試可用于評估21世紀環境中所需的一些高級思維技能——回憶、比較、分析和推理，但軟技能、“人際交往能力”、道德品質、團隊合作、協作，以及其他團隊部分有效工作所需要的能力，很難使用這些傳統形式進行評估。

人工智能將成為學生在未來十年享受的教育體驗和機會的基礎。教育中的人工智能已經帶來了真正的好處，并將成為推動變革的強大催化劑。