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杜仲葉提取物對斷奶仔豬機體健康影響的研究進展綜述

2021-09-12 00:59:54趙廣偉馮廣鵬李婉濤張景鋒
福建農業科技 2021年6期

趙廣偉 馮廣鵬 李婉濤 張景鋒

摘 要:杜仲葉提取物作為中草藥飼料添加劑可以調節動物的營養代謝、免疫反應和腸道健康,顯示出作為膳食抗生素替代品的良好潛力。研究發現,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物能促進動物生長、增強免疫力、防治疾病。主要綜述了近年來杜仲葉提取物促進斷奶仔豬生長和提高動物免疫功能的作用及其作用機制的研究進展,特別是對畜禽健康的營養調控策略進行了前景展望,以期為杜仲葉提取物在動物營養研究及科學應用上提供理論參考。

關鍵詞:杜仲葉提取物;斷奶仔豬;生產性能;免疫反應

中圖分類號:S 828.5 ? 文獻標志碼:A ? 文章編號:0253-2301(2021)06-0058-06

DOI: 10.13651/j.cnki.fjnykj.2021.06.010

Abstract: The extract of Eucommia folium, as a feed additive of Chinese herbal medicine, could regulate the nutrition metabolism, immune response and intestinal health of animals, showing a good potential as a substitute for dietary antibiotics. The research showed that the dietary added with the extract of Eucommia folium could promote the growth of animals, enhance the immunity, and prevent and cure the diseases. In this paper, the effects of the extract of Eucommia folium on the growth and immune function of weaned piglets and its mechanism were reviewed, especially the nutritional regulation strategies for the health of livestock and poultry were prospected, so as to provide theoretical references for the animal nutrition research and the scientific application of the extract of Eucommia folium.

Key words: Extract of Eucommia folium; Weaned piglets; Production performance; Immune response; Intestinal health

斷奶被認為是集中飼養的豬的應激期[1],豬在應激期間會降低對營養物質的消化吸收,引起氧化應激,導致斷奶前后出現生長遲緩和腹瀉,進而對牲畜生產造成巨大的經濟損失[2]。杜仲葉(Eucomia Ulmoides,EL)作為傳統中草藥杜仲的副產物,在我國相當普遍[3]。杜仲葉提取物含有豐富的生物活性化合物(如黃酮類化合物、綠原酸、桃葉珊瑚素、京尼平苷酸等),具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗病毒和保肝功能[4]。研究發現,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物可以提高斷奶仔豬的生長性能[5]、抗氧化能力及消化吸收能力[6]。本文就杜仲葉提取物在仔豬營養功能、腸道功能和免疫功能的機制進行綜述,以期為杜仲葉提取物在豬生產上的進一步應用提供參考。

1 杜仲葉提取物的主要功能介紹

1.1 杜仲葉提取物的成分及代謝

京尼平苷酸和綠原酸(Chlorogenic acid,CGA)是杜仲葉中重要的活性成分,前者可促進膠原合成[7],提高角質層的轉化率[8],后者具有抗菌、消炎、致突變、抗氧化等生物活性[9]。綠原酸由反式肉桂酸和奎寧酸酯化而形成的酚類化合物,是一類酯的總稱,最常見的綠原酸是5咖啡酰奎寧酸(5Ocaffeoylquinic acid,5CQA)[10]。CGA的結構不穩定,在碳1和碳3上有軸向羥基,在碳4和碳5上有平方羥基,其容易水解產生奎尼酸和各種肉桂酸,釋放的肉桂酸可以脫羧,降解成一系列簡單的酚類物質并進一步轉化,從而進一步發揮作用[11]。

1.2 杜仲葉提取物的吸收途徑及代謝產物

前人研究結果發現,尿液中可以檢測出少量綠原酸[12-14]。Lafay等[15]在大鼠上的研究發現,部分綠原酸以咖啡酸的形式從腸道流出物中回收,說明在腸道黏膜中存在微量酯酶活性,同時在血漿和膽汁中均未檢出綠原酸,以上研究結果表明,綠原酸在小腸中被吸收和水解。同時在大鼠和人上的研究發現,咖啡酸及其O甲基化代謝物普遍參在于血液和尿液[16-18],結果表明,綠原酸可以在體內水解。以上研究結果表明,綠原酸可能在腸道內水解為具有生物活性的代謝產物,其經消化道吸收后通過血液循環運送到全身各處,從而發揮相應的生理功能。

2 杜仲葉提取物對仔豬生產性能的影響及可能作用機制

2.1 杜仲葉提取物促進仔豬生長

研究發現,杜仲葉提取物提高了斷奶仔豬[19]、凡納濱對蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei)[20]、肉雞[21]、異育銀鯽(Carassius gibelio)[22]、三黃雞[23]的體重,增加仔豬[24]、肉兔[25]的采食量,以及羔羊[26]的飼料效率。同時,前人研究結果發現,飼糧中添加杜仲葉中提取物對羔羊的平均日增重、干物質采食量和飼料效率均無顯著影響[26],這可能與杜仲葉提取物的添加量、動物種類不同有關。

2.2 杜仲葉提取物促進仔豬生長的可能作用機制

斷奶后,飼料組成和飼養條件的突然變化又會引起消化功能的急劇變化,從而導致腸道對營養物質的吸收不良[27-28]。動物對飼料中營養物質的利用是體現飼料營養價值的一個重要指標。動物生長與消化功能密切相關。小腸消化酶(脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶)活性的提高有利于斷奶仔豬的生長[29]。Ding等[29]研究結果表明,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物提高斷奶仔豬十二指腸脂肪酶活性和空腸胰蛋白酶活性。腸道吸收能力也是體內充分利用營養物質的基礎[30]。堿性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性提高可以反映腸道上皮細胞的吸收能力增強[31]。石英等[22]研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物可以提高異育銀鯽血清中AKP的活性。同時,冷向軍等[32]研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物對草魚(Ctenopharyngodon idella)血清AKP的活性無顯著影響。以上研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可能通過增強仔豬腸道消化吸收能力促進仔豬生長,但是可能與動物的種類有關。

腸道健康是保證動物健康生長的前提條件[33]。腸道黏膜的改變,如絨毛高度降低、隱窩深度增加、腸絨毛高度與隱窩深度之比(VH/CD)增加等,被認為是由入侵的病原體引起的組織損傷[34]。之前的研究結果表明,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物提高了斷奶仔豬十二指腸和空腸絨毛高度[29]。同時,Peng等[3]在斷奶仔豬上的研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物降低了隱窩深度,增加了絨毛高度與隱窩深度的比值。腸道健康與腸道抗氧化能力[35]、腸道結構完整性[35]、腸炎抵抗能力[36]密切相關。血清中丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)水平的降低,過氧化氫酶(Catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)和谷胱甘肽過氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)水平的增加以及腸道緊密連接相關蛋白基因表達水平的增加可以反映動物腸道健康水平增加[37]。研究表明,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物可以降低仔豬血清和肝臟MDA水平[29]、增加凡納濱對蝦血清CAT、SOD和GSH-Px水平。Peng等[3]研究結果表明,飼糧中添加杜仲提取物可以增加仔豬空腸黏膜緊密連接相關蛋白claudin3的基因表達水平。以上研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可能通過提高仔豬消化吸收能力、改善腸道形態及降低腸道通透性維持腸道功能健康,進而促進仔豬的生長。

揮發性脂肪酸(Volatile Fatty Acid,VFA)水平是可以反映腸道健康和微生物活性的指標[38]。Zhao等[39]研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可以提高SPF小鼠血清中揮發性脂肪酸乙酸和異丁酸的濃度。Freire等[40]研究表明,含有甜菜堿的飼糧飼喂仔豬時其盲腸中揮發性脂肪酸含量較高。同時,Che等[41]研究表明,飼糧中添加了黃芪莖葉纖維的仔豬具有較高的乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和總揮發性脂肪酸含量。腸道微生物通過與宿主的營養利用和腸道系統的發育相互作用,在宿主的營養和健康、采食量和效率以及增重方面發揮重要作用[42-44]。Peng等[3]研究結果表明,飼糧中添加杜仲葉提取物可以提高仔豬結腸微生物群落豐富度和多樣性,與呂武興等[23]在三黃雞上的研究結果一致。杜仲葉提取物可能通過增加腸道中揮發性脂肪酸的含量及腸道微生物多樣性來維持腸道健康。

以上研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可能通過增強營養物質的消化吸收、維持腸道功能健康來促進動物生長。

3 杜仲葉提取物對仔豬免疫功能的影響及可能作用機制

3.1 杜仲葉提取物對仔豬免疫功能的影響

病原菌入侵可以刺激機體激活免疫系統清除病原菌,若不能及時清除,則可能導致機體被病原菌感染而發病,嚴重時可能導致死亡。Chen等[45]研究結果表明,魚類的疾病抵抗能力與其攻毒后的存活率呈正相關。氣單胞菌引起魚類運動性氣單胞菌敗血癥,導致水產養殖業的高死亡率和嚴重的經濟損失,嗜水氣單胞菌被認為是氣單胞菌感染的主要病原[46]。羅慶華[47]研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物可以降低嗜水氣單胞菌攻毒后鯉魚(Cyprinus carpio)的存活率。

腸道中變形菌門的豐富度增加表明腸道菌群失調或者不平衡[48]。Peng等[3]研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可以提高斷奶仔豬結腸微生物群落豐富度,降低變形菌門的豐富度。斷奶仔豬腹瀉事件是由大腸菌群過剩引起的,控制其傳播是降低腹瀉發病率的有效手段[49]。在仔豬上的研究發現,飼糧中杜仲葉提取物的添加降低了腹瀉率[3],與Ding等[29]在斷奶仔豬上的研究結果一致。Baratta等

[50]研究表明,中草藥添加劑具有很強的抗菌活性,可以抑制大腸桿菌的生長[51]。飼糧中添加一定量的中草藥黃芪莖葉纖維可以降低仔豬腹瀉發病率(P<0.05)[41],與Li等[49]研究結果相似。同時,Chen等[19]研究結果表明,飼糧中綠原酸的添加降低了仔豬腹瀉率。

3.2 杜仲葉提取物對仔豬免疫功能影響的可能作用機制

血清抗體水平可以反映體液免疫的水平[52]。王鑫等[53]研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物提高仔豬血清中IgA的含量,與李曉梅等[54]在仔豬上的研究結果一致。Tan等[55]研究表明,飼糧中加入黃芪多糖可以提高母豬初乳中IgM和IgG水平,與Kajimura等[56]在小鼠上的研究一致。豬瘟(Classical swine fever,CSF)是一種傳染性病毒疾病,可以造成嚴重的經濟損失的疾病[57]。前人研究表明,母源性CSF抗體的存在可以保護仔豬免受這種疾病的侵害[58]。Tan等[55]研究表明,分娩前在飼糧中補充黃芪多糖可增加初乳中母源性抗CSF特異性抗體。黃芪多糖能增加抗體產生可能與其能激活B細胞和巨噬細胞有關[59-60]。淋巴細胞對刀豆蛋白(Con A)的增殖反應是反映T淋巴細胞功能和細胞免疫的重要標準。在小鼠上的研究表明,杜仲葉提取物可增強脾細胞對刀豆蛋白(Con)A的增殖反應和腹腔巨噬細胞吞噬功能[61]。同時,Yuan等[52]研究表明,飼糧中補充黃芪多糖可以改善斷奶仔豬淋巴細胞對Con A的增殖反應,與Kong等[62]在雞上的研究結果一致。

細胞因子介導的炎癥反應是血腦屏障細胞免疫反應的重要組成部分[45]。腫瘤壞死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)α是重要的促炎細胞因子,參與宿主對細菌定殖或入侵的防御機制[63-64]。在大鼠中的研究發現,下調促炎細胞因子可減弱炎癥反應[65]。Jiang等[35]研究結果表明,飼糧中補充杜仲葉提取物可以提高仔豬肝臟中TNFα的基因表達水平。

以上研究結果表明,杜仲葉提取物可能通過提高動物的體液免疫和細胞免疫,減弱炎癥反應來增強仔豬的免疫功能,但還需要更加深入系統的研究。

4 結論及展望

綜上所述,杜仲葉提取物能夠通過提高營養物質的消化率、維持腸道功能健康及免疫功能進而促進仔豬的生長。杜仲葉提取物通過提高仔豬腸道脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶的活性,增加絨毛高度來促進仔豬對營養物質的消化吸收,通過提高腸道抗氧化能力、增強腸道緊密連接及增加腸道微生物的多樣性及揮發性脂肪酸的含量提高腸道功能,進而提高仔豬的生長性能;通過提高仔豬體液免疫、細胞免疫和減弱炎癥反應來提高仔豬的抗病力。

近年來關于植物性提取物替代抗生素的研究逐漸成為動物營養學中的一大熱點。杜仲葉提取物中含有的多種活性成分使得其在畜牧業中的應用可能為改善畜牧業生產和控制疾病提供一個全新的途徑。然而,有關斷奶仔豬抗氧化能力、腸道功能和消化酶活性的影響的信息很少。本文綜述了杜仲葉提取物對仔豬生產性能、腸道形態、抗氧化活性、免疫相關蛋白和血液指標的影響,清晰闡明杜仲葉提取物對仔豬機體健康影響的機制,這可能為預防和治療疾病提供新思路,具有廣闊的應用前景。

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(責任編輯:柯文輝)

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