助力讀寫訓練

余慧華

高考備考資料用什么較好？答案無疑是高考真題。可現實情況往往是不少同學拿到真題后，做過了就不再細究，只是單純用來檢測英語知識的掌握情況或者僅僅用來感受高考試題的難度，這樣一來就會導致高考真題這樣的好題沒有得到充分利用。縱觀高考英語試題的變遷，我們發現高考英語越來越重視語篇的考查。下面就以2020年英語高考試卷中的幾篇語篇為例，來探究如何對高考試題進行深度挖掘和利用，以助力讀寫訓練。

一、利用高考語篇，助力詞匯復習

（一）熟詞生義的積累

英語高考卷中常常會出現一些我們平時經常見到的熟詞，但是在文中卻表達我們不大熟悉的含義。例如：

1.（2020年7月浙江卷C篇）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking， planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age.

同學們對“age”一詞十分熟悉，知道它是一個名詞，意為“年紀”。但是在本句中，很顯然它不是作名詞用，而是作為一個動詞，意為“變老”，相當于“get older”。

2.（2020全國Ⅰ卷B篇）The language is almost intoxicating， an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time.

該句中的“an aging writer”相當于“a writer who is getting older”。這樣一來，我們對“age”這個詞的認識就更加全面深刻了。

3.（2020年7月浙江卷C篇）Researchers from the university of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1，000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.

該句中的“battery”不是大家熟悉的“電池”含義。此處的“a battery of”意為“一連串，一系列，一組”。例如：“a battery of questions”一連串問題，“a battery of reporters”一大批記者。

4.（2020全國Ⅰ卷D篇）Were thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.

該句中的“engineer”不再是同學們所熟知的名詞“工程師”，此處“engineer”用作動詞，意為“處理，設計”。

5.（2020年1月浙江卷A篇）I read library books as fast as I could go： rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle.

該句中的“rush”一詞不是大家熟悉的不及物動詞，而是及物動詞，意為“匆匆帶……”。

這樣的“熟詞生義”的詞，幾乎每套高考卷中都能找到。如果大家平時多做積累，把“熟詞”的常見詞義與不常見詞義進行對比和聯合記憶，會對同學們學習詞匯和提高閱讀水平大有裨益。

（二）同義詞積累

1.高考語篇中會出現大量同義詞和近義詞，甚至集中出現在同一篇文章中。例如：

（2020年1月浙江卷完形填空題）

I was born legally blind. Of all the stories of my early childhood， the one about a tree is my mothers favorite.

I was only two when the incident occurred. We had just arrived home from a trip. Mom lifted me out of the car and turned to speak to the driver. I took advantage of my brief freedom to dash across the lawn —and hit large maple tree！ I was running so fast that I bounced off the trunk and landed on my backside. Mom expected me to start crying， but I just sat there for a minute. Then I picked myself up and kept right on going. Mom always adds here that， as many times as I zoomed across the lawn after that， I never again crashed into that tree.

Mom loves to use this story as an example. It reminds her that children dont enter life afraid to take risks or unwilling to try again when they fall down. She never wanted me to lose that toughness as I grew older. When I made my major life decisions， I was still that little girl tearing full-speed across the lawn. I studied abroad and later moved away from my parents home to look for a job. Through years of efforts， I have become a respected teacher in school serving high-need students...

這篇文章集中出現了 “dash across”“zoom across”“tear across” 這幾個表示“急速穿過”的短語。“dash across”強調速度快（quickly），“zoom across”強調快且突然（quickly and suddenly），“tear across”強調快且激動（quickly and in an excited way）。

2.還可以通過對一些重點詞匯和短語進行替換練習來實現同義詞的整理。例如：

（1）（2020全國Ⅰ卷D篇）A study conducted （可替換為managed， handled， performed， done， made等，但是conduct更顯正式） in Youngstown， Ohio， for example， discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect （可替換為discover， find， explore， perceive等，但是detect更能夠體現發現的不易）harmful chemicals in groundwater.

（2）（2020全國Ⅰ卷七選五語篇）Now that youve listed your strengths， list your imperfections （可替換為weaknesses， disadvantages， defects， shortcomings， drawbacks等，但是imperfection側重指不影響整體完美度的瑕疵）.

（3）（2020全國Ⅰ卷C篇）But the sports strange form does place considerable （可替換成great， enormous， intense， tremendous等， considerable強調能夠產生影響的，顯著的） stress on the ankles and hips， so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport.

對這些同義詞進行整理，可以讓同學們進行聯動記憶，由一個詞或短語聯想出另外的詞匯，這樣既可靈活運用相關詞匯，又可在很大程度上提高同學們詞匯復習的效率。如果在寫作中也能靈活運用同義詞，那同學們的作文將大增異彩。

二、利用高考語篇，助力語法復習

在做高考真題的閱讀理解時，我們可以挑一些典型句子進行替換練習。這樣不僅可以加深對原句的理解，還可以通過替換練習來鞏固句型和語法知識，從而鍛煉我們的書面表達能力，達到一舉多得的效果。下面來看幾個例子：

1.（2020全國Ⅰ卷B篇）The older I get， the more I feel time has wings.（the more...the more...句型）

→When I am becoming older and older， I feel time flies faster and faster.

替換后，原句的意思就明確了，更利于對原文中the more...the more...句型的理解。

2.（2020全國Ⅰ卷B篇）The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register.（同位語從句）

→The connection between the reader and the book depends on the readers present emotions and situations， which is the true meaning of rereading.

將含有同位語從句的復合句替換成含which引導的非限制性定語從句的復合句，既復習了名詞性從句和定語從句的用法，又加深了對原句的理解，還操練了復合句的寫作。

3.（2020全國Ⅰ卷B篇）While money is indeed wonderful and necessary， rereading an authors work is the highest currency a reader can pay them.（while引導讓步狀語從句）

→Even though money is useful and attractive， the best way to show appreciation to an author and his work is to reread it.

通過替換練習，加深對while引導讓步狀語從句的理解。

4.（2020全國Ⅰ卷C篇） Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity. （強調句型）

→The form of race walking is so strange that this sports attracts our interest.

通過替換練習，加深對強調句型的理解。

三、利用高考語篇，助力寫作訓練

（一）修辭手法

同學們稍加注意，就會發現在高考語篇中很多句子都用到了各種修辭。這里略舉幾例：

1.（2020全國Ⅰ卷C篇）According to most calculations， race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories per hour， which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking， although fewer than running， which would probably burn about 1，000 or more calories per hour. （comparison比較）

用非限制性定語從句將race walking和running的差異通過比較分析解釋得清楚明白，值得我們在寫作中學習運用。

2.（2020全國Ⅰ卷C篇）According to her research， runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step， while race walkers， who do not leave the ground， create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.（contrast對比）

while表示兩者對比，將兩種不同的運動在進行時對身體的影響表述得非常清楚，便于理解，讓讀者一目了然，為后文提出建議做了鋪墊。

3.（2020年1月浙江卷讀后續寫）The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.（simile 明喻）

比喻的運用使得讀者似乎身臨其境，切身感受到家里毫無生機、寂靜的狀況。

4.（2020年1月浙江卷讀后續寫）They even let her sit on the sofa， but the old girl just wasnt her usual cheerful self.（contrast 對比）

將Poppy此刻的無精打采與平常的興高采烈進行對比，使得讀者一下子就能感受到她與小主人間的深厚情誼。

語篇中修辭的使用使讀者產生豐富的聯想，也使描寫的對象更生動形象。我們在閱讀的過程中細細體味這些修辭用法，并且在寫作中適當使用一些修辭手法，可以很好地提高文章的表現力和藝術感染力。

（二）讀寫結合

針對英語高考卷中不同文體的語篇，我們可以進行不同的寫作訓練。比如，記敘文可以拿來做讀后續寫練習，說明文、議論文可以拿來做概要寫作訓練。這樣一來，一方面加深了對文章的理解，另一方面充分利用優質語篇進行了寫作訓練，對寫作能力的提高大有好處。例如2020年全國Ⅱ卷閱讀理解B篇，很多同學初讀的時候覺得理解起來有點難度。但是理清了文章結構，抓住了文章主要意思以后，理解起來就容易得多。