上海地鐵高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的探索與實踐

畢湘利

（上海申通地鐵集團(tuán)有限公司總裁，正高級工程師）

上海地鐵經(jīng)過30 多年的發(fā)展，到2020 年底已形成運(yùn)營里程729 km、運(yùn)營車站430 座的規(guī)模。隨著線網(wǎng)規(guī)模的快速增長，客流也持續(xù)增加，日均客流從2003年超過100 萬乘次到2018 年超過1000 萬乘次只經(jīng)歷了15 年。目前，地鐵已然成為上海市民出行的首選，占公共交通出行比例已超過66%。

2020 年10 月26-29 日，中國共產(chǎn)黨第十九屆中央委員會第五次全體會議審議通過的《中共中央關(guān)于制定國民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展第十四個五年規(guī)劃和二○三五年遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)的建議》提出了“以推動高質(zhì)量發(fā)展為主題”的指導(dǎo)方針：堅持新發(fā)展理念，把新發(fā)展理念貫穿發(fā)展全過程和各領(lǐng)域，構(gòu)建新發(fā)展格局，切實轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展方式，推動質(zhì)量變革、效率變革、動力變革，實現(xiàn)更高質(zhì)量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持續(xù)、更為安全的發(fā)展。上海地鐵為適應(yīng)新時代的高質(zhì)量發(fā)展要求，在技術(shù)和管理上采取了一系列的措施，以實現(xiàn)從建設(shè)運(yùn)營的高速增長向高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)型。

在工程建設(shè)質(zhì)量方面，車站施工深基坑變形控制指標(biāo)從“十一五”期間的平均7.3‰H（H 為基坑開挖深度）逐步提升至“十三五”期間的平均2.8‰H，基坑變形控制水平提高了35%；盾構(gòu)隧道施工地層損失率從“十一五”期間的平均18.2‰降低至“十三五”平均4.7‰，盾構(gòu)施工質(zhì)量提高近45%；由于采用了CP-Ⅲ施工測量技術(shù)，TQⅠ（軌道不平順質(zhì)量）指數(shù)顯著減少，行車舒適度得以提升。工廠化預(yù)制技術(shù)也得到了快速發(fā)展，已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)從浮置板到軌道板以及道岔板在內(nèi)的所有軌道結(jié)構(gòu)的工廠化預(yù)制；先張法預(yù)制高架U型梁也得到了廣泛應(yīng)用；同時，地下車站頂板以及樓梯和立柱等構(gòu)件也進(jìn)行了工廠化預(yù)制的積極探索。此外，通過BIM（建筑信息模型）技術(shù)的全面應(yīng)用，設(shè)施設(shè)備及裝修安裝質(zhì)量也得以顯著提升。

在環(huán)境保護(hù)質(zhì)量方面，為降低施工對環(huán)境的影響，積極探索軟土地質(zhì)條件下的車站暗挖技術(shù)，分別在14 號線靜安寺站采用頂管法施工車站、在14 號線桂橋路站采用管幕法施工車站、在18 號線江浦路站采用管棚+MJS（全方位高壓噴射工法）+凍結(jié)復(fù)合工法施工車站、在14 號線武定路站出入口采用U-Bit 工法施工，探索并實踐系列暗挖施工技術(shù)，有效保障了施工環(huán)境質(zhì)量。

在施工風(fēng)險質(zhì)量控制方面，通過應(yīng)用信息化遠(yuǎn)程監(jiān)控管理平臺，全面管控基坑工程、隧道工程、聯(lián)絡(luò)通道工程的施工風(fēng)險。“全球眼”視頻監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)于2016 年在14 號線中寧路站嘗試應(yīng)用后逐步推廣至全網(wǎng)，視頻的覆蓋面也逐步擴(kuò)展，從地面向基坑、聯(lián)絡(luò)通道以及盾構(gòu)掘進(jìn)面延伸。同時，結(jié)合工程建設(shè)風(fēng)險管控，建立了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化體系，施工風(fēng)險管控質(zhì)量明顯提升。

在運(yùn)營質(zhì)量方面，體現(xiàn)運(yùn)營質(zhì)量的核心指標(biāo)——運(yùn)行可靠度、每公里員工配屬數(shù)、司機(jī)勞動生產(chǎn)率、人（車）公里能耗、關(guān)鍵設(shè)備故障率、客運(yùn)服務(wù)質(zhì)量指標(biāo)（運(yùn)營時長、最小發(fā)車間隔、滿載率）等，均得到顯著提升。特別是10 號線采用全自動運(yùn)行技術(shù)（GoA4）后，運(yùn)營指標(biāo)大幅提升，各項運(yùn)營質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)優(yōu)于網(wǎng)絡(luò)平均運(yùn)營質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)，且乘客滿意度位居全網(wǎng)前列。據(jù)此，上海“十三五”新建項目及后續(xù)新開工項目都采用了全自動運(yùn)行技術(shù)，2020 年底開通的15 號線、18 號線及10 號線二期全部一次建成全自動運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)，預(yù)計全自動運(yùn)行線路的客流量將超過170 萬乘次/日。

在維護(hù)質(zhì)量方面，積極推進(jìn)智慧維保，提升維護(hù)質(zhì)量水平。地鐵車輛、通信信號、供電等專業(yè)智慧建設(shè)取得關(guān)鍵性突破：車輛智能運(yùn)維系統(tǒng)（包括車地?zé)o線傳輸、軌旁綜合檢測、維護(hù)管理和車輛專家等4 個子系統(tǒng)）可實現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)自動檢測、自動傳輸、故障自動檢測、實時預(yù)警與自動診斷，并由專家系統(tǒng)自動提供維護(hù)策略；通號智能運(yùn)維系統(tǒng)涵蓋了通信信號電源、轉(zhuǎn)轍機(jī)、計軸和環(huán)境等方面，目前已經(jīng)構(gòu)建了超過2 600多個智能模型的監(jiān)測、分析、應(yīng)急和健康等4 個中心的功能模塊；供電智慧維保平臺已經(jīng)完成包括設(shè)備狀態(tài)感知、設(shè)備全壽命管理、生產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)流程管控以及專家分析等4 個系統(tǒng)的框架搭建。

2021 年是“十四五”開局之年，上海地鐵將繼續(xù)圍繞上海建設(shè)全球卓越城市的目標(biāo)，堅持軌道交通高質(zhì)量發(fā)展理念，在上海市委、市政府的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，加強(qiáng)與國際、國內(nèi)同行合作，探索軌道交通高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的策略和方法，奮力打造更安全、更可靠、更高效的城市軌道交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

Exploration and Practice of Shanghai Metro High-quality Development

BI Xiangli
（President of Shanghai Shentong Metro Group Co.,Ltd.,Senior Engineer）

After over three decades of development，Shanghai Metro has formed the scale of 729 km operating mileage and 430 operating stations. With the rapid expansion of line network scale, passenger flow is witnessing continuous increase as well.Daily passenger flow grows from 1 million rides in 2003 to 10 million rides in 2018 within just 15 years. Nowadays, metro has evidently become the favorable choice of Shanghai citizens, making up more than 66% of public transportation.

During 26th October to 29th October 2020, Proposals for Formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035 were adopted at the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee, and the strategic guidance of “Focus on Promoting High-quality Development”is put forward: remain committed to the new development philosophy; infiltrate the new development philosophy to all process and fields;foster new development pattern; transform the development model; advance better quality, higher efficiency, and more robust drivers through reform, realizing a development with better quality, higher efficiency, more equality, sustainability and safety. To meet the requirement of high-quality development in new era, Shanghai Metro has adopted a series of measures in technology and management, to realize the transformation of construction and management from high -speed expansion to high -quality development.

In the aspect of engineering and construction quality, the control standard of station construction deep foundation pit deformation has gradually improved from 7.3‰H (H as foundation pit excavation depth) in 11th Five-Year duration to 2.8‰H in 13th Five-Year duration, meaning the foundation pit deformation control level has elevated by 35%; the shield-tunnel construction ground loss ratio decreased from 18.2‰ in 11th Five-Year duration to 4.7‰ in 13th Five-Year duration, meaning shield construction quality has elevated by almost 45%; with the adoption of CP-III construction measurement technology, TQI (track quality index) has evidently decreased, and train operation comfort has improved. Factory prefabrication technology has rapidly developed as well, realizing prefabrication of all track structure from floating slab to track slab, including turnout slab; viaduct Utype beam prefabrication from pretension is widely applied; meanwhile, factory prefabrication of underground station roof and components including stairs and columns is undergoing active exploration. In addition, with the full coverage of BIM technology application, equipment and installation quality are evidently improved as well.

In the aspect of environment protection quality, to decrease the construction impact on environment, station underground excavation technology in soft soil condition is actively explored: pipe jacking method for Line 14 Jing’an Temple station, pipe roof method for Line 14 Guiqiao Road station, pipe-shed + MJS (metro jet system) + freezing compound method for Line 18 Jiangpu Road station, U -Bit method for Line 14 Wuding Road station entrance are respectively implemented. By exploring and experimenting a series of underground excavation technology, the construction environment quality is effectively guaranteed.

In the aspect of construction risk quality control, by applying informatization remote monitoring management platform, the construction risks of foundation pit projects, tunnel projects, connection passage projects are comprehensively managed and controlled. “Mega Eyes”video monitoring system has been extensively applied throughout network after the pilot application at Line 14 Zhongning Road station in 2016. Video coverage is gradually expanding, from ground to foundation pit, connection passage and shield tunnel face. Simultaneously, combining with engineering construction risk management and control,standardization system is established, and the risk management quality has witnessed evident improvement.

In the aspect of operation quality, core indexes are operation reliability, numbers of employees assigned per mileage, driver productivity, energy consumption per person (vehicle) per kilometer, key equipment fault ratio, passenger service quality index(operating hours, minimum departing time interval, load factor), all of which have witnessed evident improvement. Especially after applying Fully Automatic Operation (FAO) technology (GoA4) on Line 10, operation quality indexes are improved drastically,displaying data ahead of line network average operation quality data, and the passenger satisfaction level is ranking top in line network. Accordingly, projects newly built in Shanghai since 13th Five-Year Plan have all adopted FAO technology. The Line 15,Line 18 and second phase project of Line 10 launched at the end of 2020 are all equipped with full FAO system. The predicted passenger flow on FAO lines is expected to exceed 1.7 million rides per day.

In the aspect of maintenance quality, intelligent maintenance is actively promoted to improve quality level. Key breakthroughs have been achieved in the intelligent construction in professions including metro vehicle, communication signal, power supply:vehicle intelligent operation and maintenance system (including four subsystems of vehicle-ground wireless transmission, track-side comprehensive detection, maintenance management and vehicle expert) can realize data automatic detection, automatic transmission, fault automatic detection, real-time warning and automatic diagnosis, and maintenance strategy automatically provided by expert system; Signal & Communication intelligent operation and maintenance system covers aspects including communication signal power source, switch machine, axle counter and environment, and functionality modules of four centers of detection,analysis, emergency response and health with over 2 600 intelligent models are built; power supply intelligent maintenance platform has accomplished the architecture of four systems of equipment status perception, equipment lifespan management, production process management and control and expert analysis.

2021 is the opening year of 14th Five-Year Plan, centering the goal of Shanghai striving for excellent global city, Shanghai Metro will insist on the vision of rail transit high-quality development, under the guidance of Shanghai municipal committee and municipal government, to reinforce cooperation between domestic and international companies in this field, to explore strategies and measures for rail transit high-quality development, to work hard establishing a safer, more reliable and efficient urban rail transit network.