鮮活生動 傳播典范

邱巍

浙江人民出版社的《漫畫百年黨史 · 開天辟地》，由原中共中央文獻研究室副主任陳晉和青年漫畫家陳磊領銜的混知團隊共同創作，以漫畫形式解讀百年黨史，開辟了黨史傳播的新天地，是鮮活生動黨史傳播的典范。

這是一本形式新穎、別開生面的黨史書。中央要求在全社會開展黨史學習教育，范圍不只是黨員，包括大量非黨員和青少年。很明顯，類似36萬字的《中國共產黨簡史》，一般群眾和青少年可能很難從頭到尾看完。這就對我們以短小精悍的篇幅、生動形象的形式傳播黨史提出了要求。我們的黨史文獻系統、黨校系統、高校系統都在做黨史研究和黨史傳播的工作，但很多時候傳統的黨史界更多地考慮的是研究，把黨史事實和理論說清楚，對于以怎樣的形式傳播從而讓受眾接受考慮得不夠多。這樣的一本書，其實給我們很大的啟發。從傳播的角度看，怎樣能夠讓人一下子讀得進去，兩三個小時就把這段歷史看完，這個其實很不容易。這本書就是一個很好的傳播黨史的形式。這個形式，能夠呈現這樣好的一個效果，我想和我們的創作團隊密切相關。

強強聯合的創作者隊伍保證了書的高質量。陳晉老師長期從事黨史研究和傳播，是黨史學界的前輩專家。陳晉老師在黨史學界一開始的時候最有影響的就是他的黨史創作富有思想性和文學性。中央電視臺出的多部文獻紀錄電視片，解說詞都是陳晉老師寫的。他的解說詞立足黨史史實，氣勢磅礴、催人深思、令人奮進。陳晉老師其實是黨史界最早開始關注把黨史從書本走出來帶到大眾當中的前輩。所以他在思想性和文化性方面都走在前面。正像他自己說的，通過漫畫的形式和“80后”“90后”團隊的共同創作，和現在的年輕人一起出書，對他而言可能也是一種新的嘗試。但實際上，這表明了一代人都有一代人愿意接受的新形式，我們要不斷滿足這種需求。可以說，混知漫畫團隊和陳晉老師合作，通過這樣一個形式把黨史較好地呈現了出來。

強大的編創隊伍保證了這本書有一個比較好的基礎和框架。1921年到1949年，這28年的歷史，寫的方式各種各樣，本書把它分成10個部分，有它的道理，每一個部分也有相關史實的支撐，寫到什么程度也有分寸。這個分寸包括了對整個黨史重點內容的展示，對新的史實材料的采納，以及漫畫形式的適當聚焦。本書的整體框架體現了黨史的基本史實、基本框架，又不乏新的學術成果展現，特別是像解放戰爭等部分運用了比較新的研究成果，比以前的黨史視野更開闊。所以它有一個好的框架，也有非常扎實的史實支撐，我覺得這是能夠出好這本書的重要基礎。

好的內容通過漫畫這樣好的形式充分展現了出來。陳晉老師提到黨史創作要鮮活。“鮮活”二字，大家都知道，但是做到鮮活其實很不容易。這樣一本漫畫書，初步而有成效地探索了“怎么樣能夠鮮活起來”這個問題。漫畫的形式使黨史內容在呈現時具有了很多戲劇效果。本書中所有的人物形象，頭腦比較大，但是四肢很小。本來四肢很小，作者又讓它跳舞，這便產生了很有畫面感的戲劇效果。這本書里面很多情節設計都是依據史實，又很恰到好處，同時又很有分寸感。比如說一開始的近代中國歷史用了全國統一考卷的形式，和讀者群體中的中學生、小學生特別貼近。又比如說盧溝橋事變的時候，日軍的臺詞是“開門，丟人了”。這個臺詞肯定是創作出來的，但它背后的史實是日軍以一個士兵失蹤為由，要求進宛平城搜查，這就形成了一個梗在里面，能夠讓你看了以后會笑出來。又比如重慶談判的臺詞設計，確實符合那時候的人物心態。蔣介石在發了電報以后，他想毛澤東最好不去，就是“放鴿子”，結果毛澤東去的時候我們仍然是放鴿子，放的是“和平鴿”。它確實是一個想出來的梗，但是它很貼近史實，所以這是一個很好的設計。實際上，閱讀速度快點的讀者可能兩三個小時就翻完了，但是創作背后的工作非常多，有那么多的歷史場景，要把它設計成一個個漫畫場景，而且是有梗的漫畫場景，其實很不容易，每一個步驟都要經過很多頭腦風暴。

應該說以上這幾個方面，都為這本書奠定了很好的基礎，成為爆款書，我想也是一個必然的結果。

可以說這本書很好完成了黨史傳播的科普任務，他們團隊本身也擅長科普傳播。如果說這本書以后還有什么可以提升的空間，就是在科普的基礎上探索出如何去體現史實以外更深刻的關于歷史規律性的東西、如何去表現思想的深刻性，怎樣能合上書后，想到那些梗時，還能回味一些更本質的問題？當然這個要求就非常高了，可能很難一下子達到，但是因為“開天辟地”有了一個非常好的基礎之后，就應當要探索“再創輝煌”的路。

How to Tell Stories Vividly

By Qiu Wei

Co-created by Chen Jin， former deputy director of the Party Literature Research Center of the CPC Central Committee， and Hunzhi， a team led by young cartoonist Chen Lei to share knowledge of history， science and culture through cartoons and comics， 100 Years of CPC History in Comics： The Making of an Epoch is destined to be a paragon in communicating the stories and the history of the Communist Party of China （CPC） in a most vivid way. The book， published by Zhejiang People’s Publishing House， is the first installment of the “100 Years of CPC History in Comics” series.

To begin with， this is a groundbreaking and unique book on Party history. The CPC Central Committee has called for the study of the Party history throughout the whole society， which is aimed at not only Party members but also a large number of non-Party members and young people. While serious books on Party history abound， it is evident that a tome such as the 360，000-word A Brief History of the Communist Party of China may prove to be too trying for the general public and teenagers to read word for word. Therefore， to communicate the Party history in a more concise and refreshing manner is an important point to ponder on. It is true that Party history literature specialists， Party school researchers and university scholars have been doing an admirable job studying and disseminating the Party history. But most of the time， their focus is more on the research per se： telling the historical facts and theories accurately is sufficient. How to spread the messages and how to make the messages more palatable to the tastes of the general public are only secondary considerations. It is surely not easy for people to swallow the history in two or three hours， but the book 100 Years of CPC History in Comics： The Making of an Epoch has achieved precisely that.

Second， the book’s success has a lot to do with its authors. Chen Jin has been engaged in the research and dissemination of Party history for a long time and is a senior expert in this field. A major strength of Chen’s writings on the Party history is his sharp insight and his literary language. He has penned the narrations for many Party documentaries produced by CCTV， China’s central television station. The language of the narrations， based on historical facts， is magnificent， thought-provoking and inspiring. Indeed， Chen is among the first Party historians attempting to bring the Party history from the “ivory tower” to the general public， and it is no surprise he is ahead of the curve. As he said， it is a new experience for him to work with the “post-80s and post-90s” （those born in the 1980s and 1990s） on this book， but it shows that for every generation， there are new forms of expression that they are willing to embrace， which should be constantly satisfied.

Then， a strong creative and editing team ensured that the book had a good foundation and a solid framework from the beginning. To cover the 28 years of history from the founding of the Party in 1921 to the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949， there can be a variety of approaches. This book has divided it into 10 parts， each supported by detailed history and each with a proper mix of hard facts and interesting comic art. As well as the Party’s general history， new academic research has also been incorporated.

Last but not least， the book has made the Party history come alive， which is often easier said than done. Although all the historical characters have been turned into cartoons， the authors have taken care not to over caricaturize any people or any event， making the book both a fun read and a valuable historical guide. For example， the first two parts on China’s modern history were presented in the format of test papers， which middle-school and primary-school students may easily relate to. When it comes to the Lugou Bridge Incident， the line the invading Japanese soldiers uttered was “kai men， diuren le”， which could be translated and understood in two ways. One is “Open up， we lost a person”， the pretext used by the Japanese army to launch a full-scale invasion of China. Another is “Open up， we are a disgrace”， which will unquestionably produce hearty laughs. Another example is the Chongqing Negotiations， when Chiang Kai-shek sent an invitation to Chairman Mao to come to Chongqing， hoping instead that he would “fang gezi”， which， literally translated as “release a dove or a pigeon”， means “to miss an appointment or fail to keep one， or stand somebody up”. In the end， Chairman Mao did “fang gezi”： by accepting the invitation and joining Chiang in Chongqing， he “released the peace dove”.

All in all， this book has accomplished the goal of communicating the Party history to a wider readership. For the following books of the series， the authors could do worse than dwelling more on how to guide the readers to think even deeper about the stories and the history behind those hilarious one-liners. It may well be a demanding task， which， well executed， will make the series even better.