陳緬
宋,以其獨樹一幟的文化和活力被譽為“東方的文藝復興時期”,在中國文化史上有著承上啟下、繼往開來的歷史地位。天臺山儒釋道三教圓融并存,在兩宋時期達到鼎盛期,這個時期的天臺山文化既有對其前文化的繼承與吸收,也有其時代自身的推陳與出新,對后世產生了深遠的影響。
那么,天臺的“宋”元素又有哪些呢?它們又以怎樣的形式傳承下來呢?對現在的天臺又發揮了什么樣的作用呢?今天來聊一聊“天臺宋韻”。
濟公成為文化交流“使者”
濟公,俗名李修緣(公元1148年—1209年),南宋時出生于天臺永寧村,弱冠之年皈依佛門,先入國清寺,受具足戒于西湖靈隱,后至凈慈寺。八百年來,濟公的傳說故事一直在民間流傳,并通過文學、影視、繪畫、雕塑等各種形式進行廣泛地傳播。濟公的出生地李府于2002年重修,保留了南宋時期天臺仕宦人家宅第格局“三進九明堂”,給全世界的濟公信眾提供了一處朝拜、文化交流的場所。而與濟公相關的故事、美食、活動一直在民間流傳,家喻戶曉。可以說濟公文化成為兩宋時期天臺山文化中最典型、最響亮、意義也最為深遠的一個元素。早在2006年,濟公傳說就被列入國家首批非物質文化遺產目錄。
在歷史上濟公確有其人,系宋真宗駙馬李遵勖裔孫,是佛教禪宗五十祖,臨濟宗楊岐派六祖。李家世代仕宦,為官清正,多人名列《宋史》,并且李家歷代多為佛教信士,濟公少時在三教睦居的赤城山讀書,又居天臺宗祖庭國清寺附近,耳濡目染,心中早就播下了一顆成佛作祖的種子。而濟公之所以能出佛入道,位列羅漢,與宋時民間三教合流的趨勢背景有著密切的關系,從他長達28字、集佛道儒尊號于一身的謚號中可窺一斑:大慈大悲、大仁大圣(儒家尊稱)、紫金羅漢、阿難尊者(佛教尊稱)、神功廣濟先師、三元贊化天尊(道教尊稱)。
“天下濟公,祖在天臺”,天臺是濟公文化的發祥地,大量的文藝作品,為濟公文化的傳播錦上添花、推波助瀾,濟公的蹤影遍布海峽兩岸乃至世界各地。至今,天臺每年都會舉辦中華濟公文化節,濟公的親和力、拉動力、和協力、傳奇力、凝聚力,使其成為兩岸交流、中外交流最得力的“使者”,在擴展文化交流上意義深遠。
天臺宗構建宋之“東南佛國”
天臺山文化的人文核心價值是天臺宗佛教文化。天臺宗由天臺智者大師所創,隋代至唐前半期興盛一時,“會昌法難”后一度衰落,后借五代吳越國崇佛之機,中興天臺宗。在北宋時期受多代皇帝尊崇,繁榮四百年之久,既能教化民眾、治國安邦,又有助于社會和諧,構建了持久的“東南佛國”。在此期間,天臺宗高僧輩出,佛教道場重建,大興佛事,海內外交流廣泛,影響深遠,為后世天臺宗的興盛與傳播奠定了堅實的基礎,書寫了濃墨重彩的一筆。
兩宋時期天臺宗的興起,當時吳越王的“國師”德韶居功至偉。德韶大師是法眼宗二祖,十分敬慕智者大師,對天臺宗教義孜孜以求,45歲入天臺研學天臺宗,以豐富自己的學識,并以親身體會弘傳天臺宗,被后世成為“智者后身”。這一尊稱非比尋常,因為天臺宗和法眼宗分屬不同宗派,這也與當時社會特殊的時政和南北包容的背景相關,不僅是三教圓融,也促成了各教派別之間的互通圓融、共進共榮。
在天臺宗海外傳播上,韓國天臺宗的創立無疑是有著里程碑意義的。宋元豐時期(公元1085年),28歲的義天法師帶著弟子入宋,并至天臺國清寺參諸耆宿,對天臺宗教義領悟深刻,將天臺禪法帶回,在當時的高麗國創立(韓國)天臺宗。 實際上朝鮮半島中最早接觸天臺思想的是新羅人玄光法師,他在南朝的陳朝時(557—589之間)就隨天臺二祖慧思學法。五代至宋初,海東僧人來華習天臺教觀者甚多,以至悟空法師在天臺國清寺前專門建有新羅園,收留入華參學的新羅沙門,只是到高麗的大覺國師義天時才正式創立韓國天臺宗。義天法師大力弘揚天臺教觀,宗風大振。義天圓寂時雖僅47歲,但弟子近千人,有名者多達160人。他所推崇的天臺宗對整個韓國的佛教都產生了巨大的影響。
道教南宗步入“鼎盛”
天臺山文化的一個高峰出現在北宋,道教南宗就是創立于這一時期。創立者張伯端,字平叔,號紫陽真人,天臺人。宋熙寧年間,在天臺山煉丹,為道教南宗紫陽派祖師,主張釋道雙融、性命雙修,即從傳統內丹命術入手修煉,循序漸進,以人身中的上藥三品即精、炁、神三寶為藥物,經筑基、煉精化炁,煉炁化神,煉神還虛而結“金丹”。其主要代表作《悟真篇》專言內丹,與《周易參同契》齊名,而號稱“丹經之王”。這雙融雙修的思想,本質上是告知人們如何做到身心和合、如何與大自然保持和合狀態,凝聚了中華民族“和而不同,合而有分”“天下大同”的文化精髓。
兩宋時期,皇帝對于道教的尊崇到達頂峰,不僅大興宮觀,搜集道書,還欽定眾多和道教相關的節日。在道教建筑方面,重建了三清殿,在小月山建了可接待皇帝的元命殿,又建了規模很大的藏經院、三元院、白云院、紫陽樓等,把山門擴至現在的溢洪道外,并把桐柏觀的建筑推進到花橋橋頭。鼎盛時期,桐柏宮周圍宮觀達三十多處,周邊山林除興建道教場所外,皆不作他用。而且,當時還出了不少道教人才,除了張伯端外,當時的高道還有張無夢、陳景元、王茂端、王契真、白玉蟾、王中立等,皆各有建樹,留下眾多道教典籍。
天臺山南宋時稱“小鄒魯”
南宋時期,在朱熹等人的影響和推動下,天臺山儒學勃興,一時文教興盛、人才輩出,時稱“小鄒魯”。同時,天臺山及其周圍各學派十分活躍,一代大儒朱熹又從儒學角度吸收了佛、道兩家思想,這就為天臺山學派的形成創造了非常有利的條件。這位具有崇高文化地位的大儒曾兩次提舉天臺山桐柏宮,到處講學。南宋時臺州文風蔚然,這與朱熹在臺州倡導理學有很大關系。而佛道雙棲的天臺山,也是朱熹一個重要的人生驛站,佛教禪宗、天臺宗與道教南宗的思想,成為其理學思想中富有生命力的新元素。
天臺山文化最早可追溯到漢。史料載,兩漢期間,天臺山就有道教和佛教的活動。佛宗道源的天臺山文化,一方面接受儒學各學派的影響,一方面又以其深厚的佛道文化影響著自唐儒至宋明理學的形成。宋明理學對釋道文化的“兼收并取”,實際上也是“三教合一”思潮的產物。曾其海在《朱熹理學與天臺佛學》一文中用大量的例證說明,朱熹的“理”“理一分殊”、心性理論都明顯地保留了天臺佛學的思想痕跡,可見佛教天臺宗對朱熹理學的影響之深。
正是朱熹把天臺山與儒學聯系起來,使佛道文化源遠流長的天臺山映照出儒學的光輝。天臺山之所以成為“小鄒魯”,也是因為上述這些名士鴻儒在天臺山的活動,尤其是各學派領袖在天臺山開壇講課,才“文風興起儒術之隆”。當然,這樣的文化繁榮,對后代子孫影響也十分深遠,為此后官學與私學的興盛、讀書求仕成風的社會風氣奠定了堅實基礎。
“茶禪一味”是東亞茶文化之源
南宋臺州判官陳知柔是最早提及“茶禪一味”者,他的《題石橋》詩云:“巨石橫空豈偶然,萬雷奔壑有飛泉。我來不作聲聞想,聊試茶甌一味禪。”不僅描繪了雄偉壯麗的天臺石橋作為中日佛茶“羅漢供茶”發祥地的勝景,而且還首次點出了“茶禪一味”這一茶道最高境界。可見風靡茶界的“茶禪一味”乃出自天臺山。宋代天臺山國清寺僧人在自制、自碾、自煮茶的過程中,能領悟禪法,超越文字,進入無我的“茶禪一味”境界。所以,直至今日,天臺山在國際茶文化交流中,有著很重的分量。
茶禪一味與天臺山特有的佛茶藝術“羅漢供茶”是和合共生的。天臺山的方廣寺是佛典記載五百羅漢的總道場,百丈懷海(749—814年)禪師在《百丈清規》中不僅確立了天臺山石梁是中國五百羅漢棲真之地,還制定一套供養羅漢的儀軌,使之在中國佛教界產生了巨大的影響。這一清規在佛教界推行后,信徒叢林紛紛仿效,很快風行于全國。天臺山方廣寺的“羅漢供茶”不僅在當時的宋朝廷里引起轟動,還影響到了東鄰日本。
日本佛教天臺宗大云寺主成尋(1011—1081年)的《參天臺五臺山記》記載:“熙寧五年(1072年)五月十九日戊戌辰時參石橋,以茶供羅漢五百十六杯,以鈴杵真言供養。”經葛宏、成尋等人宣揚,石橋“羅漢供茶”名馳中外,天臺山石橋遂成為中外品茗觀瀑之勝地。
早在中唐,天臺山云霧茶就傳播至東亞。唐貞元二十年(804年),日本天臺宗創始人最澄入唐求法,帶去天臺山茶葉與茶籽,種在近江(滋賀縣)比睿山東麓日吉神社的旁邊,成為日本最古老的茶園。而真正將天臺的茶文化在日本發揚光大的則是宋代同時期的榮西禪師,他曾經兩度前來求法,前往萬年講寺求得茶籽、茶樹帶回日本,并著有《吃茶養生記》,使得天臺的茶文化在日本得以傳播。宋元豐時期,高麗天臺宗創始人義天來國清寺學法后,將天臺山茶籽、茶儀傳回,種在智異山,可見由天臺茶禪所產生的影響,已經擴大到日韓等東亞鄰國。
中日茶道的互相影響,使得茶道的傳統得以綿延不斷。前些年,中國天臺山華頂講寺舉行“禪茶雅集”活動。來自日本、韓國、中國(包括中國臺灣)的禪茶界代表,齊聚天臺山品茗論道、體驗交流,認知“禪即茶、茶即禪”圓融不二關系,感受“江南茶祖、韓日茶源”天臺山云霧茶智慧之芽的魅力。
“蟋蟀宰相”的治國論
在宋代歷史中,天臺曾出過數位宰相,其中尤以南宋的賈似道最為出名,他歷經理宗、度宗、恭宗三朝。使他“名垂青史”的不是他的政績,而是他的“不務正業”,在閑暇時寫出了世界上第一部研究昆蟲學的專著《促織經》,名噪一時,這也是中國古代第一部專論蟋蟀的書。能在宋朝這個特定的時期出這樣一本書,有其時代的偶然性,也有其歷史的必然性。南宋是當時世界上最富裕的國家,所創造的財富GDP占當時全世界的60%以上,是中國歷史上經濟最繁榮、科技最發達、文化最昌盛、藝術最高深、人民生活水平最富足的朝代。而且這個朝代,財富的創造和享受較之前更趨向于大眾化、休閑化、娛樂化。斗蟋蟀活動在這個時期得到了空前的發展,上至皇帝,下至平民,甚至方外之人都好斗蟋蟀。隨著“斗蟋蟀”活動的普遍化、全民化,士大夫們開始總結關于蟋蟀的養、斗等經驗,于是上升至理論,也促使了《促織經》的誕生。
賈似道,自小生活在天臺山,這里盛產蟋蟀,而且斗蟋蟀之風盛行,從小耳濡目染,對斗蟋蟀情有獨鐘,即使當上了宰相,也時常將蟋蟀帶上朝堂,并以養、斗蟋蟀的方法來論“治國之道”,以至于人們戲稱他為“蟋蟀宰相”。《促織經》共分二卷,分論賦、形、色、決勝、養、斗、病等,對蟋蟀的種類、形態、斗法、養法等進行了系統的論述。這部著作里更重要的是賈似道“小蟲治國”的理念,即“一物之微,而能察乎陰陽之道;動靜之宜,備乎戰斗攻取之義”。
宋韻文化作為中華優秀傳統文化的重要組成部分,是具有中國氣派和浙江辨識度的重要文化標識。兩宋時期的天臺山文化,活佛濟公濟世、佛教三宗圓融、道教南宗創立、宋明理學孕育,蔚為大觀。它的形成和確立,意味著這一文化體系的價值觀被認可、被遵循,也意味著在這一文化指導下的社會風氣、社會秩序的全面形成,成為推動當時天臺經濟社會發展的文化支撐,也為當下社會發展提供歷史文化借鑒。
The Song Dynasty Culture in Tiantai
By ?Chen Mian
For its unique culture and dynamic, the Song period (960-1279) has been lauded as the “renaissance in the orient”, an inheritor of its predecessors and a pioneering dynasty in itself. Maturing and prospering during the Song dynasty, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have co-existed harmoniously in Tiantai, Zhejiang province throughout history, leaving an enduring influence.
What kinds of “Song” elements can still be found today in Tiantai? In what forms? How have they impacted Tiantai?
With a history of over 1,800 years, Tiantai is the birthplace of Ji Gong (1130 or 1148-1209) the “Living Buddha”. Born Li Xiuyuan in Tiantai’s Yongning village, Ji Gong, known as “Chan Master Daoji”, was a Chan Buddhist monk who lived in the Southern Song (1127-1279). He was believed to have possessed supernatural powers, which he wielded to help the poor and to fight injustices. On the other hand, he was also known for his wild and eccentric behavior: he purportedly didn’t follow the Buddhist monastic rules for he consumed alcohol and meat at will. Over the past eight centuries since his death, Ji Gong has become such a legend in Chinese culture that his tales have been widely told in literature, TV series and films, paintings as well as sculptures, among other popular media. The culture related to Ji Gong has arguably become the most typical, the most well-known and the most far-reaching element of the Tiantai Mountains culture fostered during the Song dynasty. In 2002, the renovation of Ji Gong’s former residence provided a place of worship and cultural exchange for Ji Gong believers all over the world. For his followers, Tiantai is the ancestral home they must return. In 2006, the legend of Ji Gong was listed in the first batch of the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List. In recent years, an annual cultural festival in honor of Ji Gong has been held in Tiantai.
More than anything else, the core humanistic values of the Tiantai Mountains culture lie in the culture of the Tiantai School of Buddhism. Founded by Master Zhiyi (538-597), the Tiantai school became one of the most influential schools of Buddhism in China during the Sui dynasty (581-618), with a large number of great temples supported by the emperors and various wealthy patrons. The school’s influence lasted through the first half of the Tang dynasty (618-907) before it waned. Then the Tiantai school was revived in the Kingdom of Wuyue (907-978) when Buddhism was particularly valued. In the Northern Song dynasty (960-1129), it rose again. Highly respected and regarded by generations of emperors for the next 400 years, the teachings of the Tiantai school were instrumental not only in educating and enlightening the general populace, governing the country, but also in promoting social harmony.
It was during this period that a large number of eminent monks of the Tiantai school emerged and extensive and far-reaching overseas exchanges were conducted, which helped lay a solid foundation for the prosperity and spread of the school in later periods.
In the history of the dissemination of the school’s teachings outside of China, the establishment of the Korean Tiantai school, known as Cheontae, is undoubtedly considered a milestone. In the year 1085 during the Yuanfeng period of the Song dynasty, Master Uicheon (1055-1101), at the age of 28, led his disciples to the Guoqing Temple on the Tiantai Mountains. He had a profound understanding of the school’s teachings, brought them back to Korea and established Cheontae in Goryeo (Korea) as an independent school at that time.
In fact, the first person from the Korean Peninsula to travel to Tiantai was Master Hyeon-gwang of Silla, who learned dharma from Master Huisi (515-577) during Southern Chen (557-589), the last of the Southern Dynasties (420-589). After Master Uicheon introduced the Tiantai tradition to Korea, he vigorously promoted it. At the time of his death, when he was only 47 years old, Master Uicheon had nearly 1,000 disciples, 160 of whom prominent ones. As well as on Tiantai school, he had a great influence on the development of Buddhism in Korea.
Apart from Buddhism, Taoism also thrived in the Song dynasty, when the emperors’ reverence for Taoism reached its peak. Imperial Taoist temples were built, Taoist works collected, and quite a few Taoist festivals and holidays designated. Against this backdrop the Nanzong (Southern Lineage) of Taoism was established in Tiantai. Zhang Boduan, the founder, was born in Tiantai. His book Wuzhen pian (or Awakening to Reality) is a 1075 Taoist classic on Neidan-style internal alchemy. In essence, it tells people how to maintain harmony between their body and mind, and how to maintain harmony with nature.
In the Southern Song period, Tiantai’s Confucianism flourished under the influence of Zhu Xi (1130-1200), one of China’s foremost Neo-Confucianists in history. Borrowing from the Tiantai Buddhist and Taoist traditions, Zhu further developed the metaphysical theories in regards to Li or principle. Indeed, the spirit of Taizhou (where Tiantai is located) scholars strictly abiding by moral principles while ignoring any gains and sacrificing their lives for justice is closely related to Zhu Xi’s development of Neo-Confucianism in the place.
There is also the Chan tea culture, the idea of “oneness of Chan and tea”. The idea, first proposed by Chen Zhirou (?-1184), a Taizhou official in the Southern Song dynasty, was inspired by none other than the waterfalls of the Tiantai Mountains. While growing and drinking tea has been a common practice for Buddhist monks throughout history, overtime Chan masters have infused tea culture into the Buddhist culture. Unsurprisingly, during the process of the Tiantai school’s introduction to Japan and Korea, Tiantai’s tea seeds and local monks’ tea ceremonies were also exported.
Then, there is Jia Sidao (1213-1275), a Tiantai native and chancellor for three Southern Song emperors. His book Cuzhi Jing (Manual of Crickets or Book of Crickets), the world’s first monograph on insects, ostensibly wrote about the selection, feeding and training of crickets as well as strategies of cricket fighting, which earned him the nickname of “cricket chancellor”. But more importantly, in the book, Jia used cricket and cricket fighting as metaphors for governing a country as well.
The birth and formation of the culture of the Tiantai Mountains during the Song dynasty, from the founding of the Tiantai Buddhist school and the Nanzong of Taoism, to Ji Gong the Living Buddha and the development of Zhu Xi’s theory of Li meant that the values of this system were recognized and followed. They also meant the establishment of social mores and social order was guided by this system, which became the cultural foundation for Tiantai’s economic and social development at that time. Eventually, the whole process will serve as a cultural reference for the current social development.