孟慶濤,管 多,姜延吉,孫慧敏,殷憲強(qiáng),王 農(nóng)
氧化石墨烯和五價(jià)砷在改性多孔介質(zhì)中的共遷移特征
孟慶濤1,2,3,管 多3,姜延吉3,孫慧敏3,殷憲強(qiáng)3※,王 農(nóng)4
(1.中國科學(xué)院西北生態(tài)環(huán)境資源研究院,蘭州 730000;2. 中國科學(xué)院大學(xué),北京 100049;3. 西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院,楊凌 712100;4.農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部環(huán)境保護(hù)科研監(jiān)測(cè)所,天津 300191)
砷是農(nóng)田土壤重金屬污染的主要元素之一,在砷污染農(nóng)田土壤的修復(fù)過程中往往忽視納米顆粒能夠使結(jié)合態(tài)的砷重新釋放,導(dǎo)致有效態(tài)砷濃度升高,探究土壤中黏土礦物對(duì)氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)和五價(jià)砷(As(V))在多孔介質(zhì)中遷移行為的影響,對(duì)進(jìn)一步完善農(nóng)田土壤砷修復(fù)理論以及提高農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量、保護(hù)人體健康具有重要意義。該研究利用蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂,通過砂柱遷移試驗(yàn)系統(tǒng)地研究了GO、As(V)和GO-As(V)在填加0%、10%、30%和50%的蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的遷移行為。研究結(jié)果表明,隨著高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂填加比例的增加,GO和As(V)的遷移能力均呈降低趨勢(shì),且GO和As(V)在不同條件下的遷移曲線均存在顯著差異(0.05);GO在50%高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率相對(duì)于石英砂柱分別下降了14%和17%,As(V) 分別下降了15%和12%;在共遷移試驗(yàn)中,GO和As(V)在石英砂柱中回收率分別上升至99%和100%。分析表明,As(V)在蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的遷移能力大于高嶺石改性石英砂,而GO與之相反;當(dāng)GO和與As(V)共遷移時(shí),二者在介質(zhì)中的遷移能力均大于其單獨(dú)遷移。本研究表明GO、As(V)釋放到土壤后,能夠加速As(V)的遷移,造成土壤砷污染的擴(kuò)大化。
重金屬;土壤;水;氧化石墨烯;高嶺石;蒙脫石;五價(jià)砷;遷移
五價(jià)砷(As(V))是環(huán)境中常見的污染物之一[1]。在各種生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中As(V)會(huì)以不同的方式進(jìn)入農(nóng)田土壤中,農(nóng)田土壤中As(V)濃度的升高引起了人們對(duì)農(nóng)作物質(zhì)量安全的擔(dān)憂[2]。針對(duì)農(nóng)田土壤中As(V)的污染現(xiàn)狀及其可能的環(huán)境風(fēng)險(xiǎn),眾多學(xué)者開展了農(nóng)田As(V)污染修復(fù)的研究[3-4],但是在農(nóng)田土壤修復(fù)過程中,往往忽視了土壤中的納米顆粒對(duì)As(V)的釋放、遷移的影響。有相當(dāng)多的證據(jù)表明,非水相流動(dòng)膠體可以將As(V)輸送相當(dāng)長的距離[5-6]。Ishak等[5]的研究證明土壤浸出液中As(V)的濃度與濁度相關(guān)。當(dāng)用去離子水沖洗土柱時(shí),氧化鐵膠體可以促進(jìn)As(V)的遷移[6]。
氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)是一種具有特殊二維結(jié)構(gòu)的碳基納米材料。目前,GO廣泛應(yīng)用于電子、生物、儲(chǔ)能和光學(xué)等眾多領(lǐng)域[7]。眾多含氧官能團(tuán)和高比表面積性質(zhì)使GO表現(xiàn)出良好的水溶性和對(duì)污染物產(chǎn)生極強(qiáng)的吸附能力[8-9],GO進(jìn)入環(huán)境后可作為污染物的載體而攜帶污染物在地下水環(huán)境中遷移[10-11]。例如,一些砂柱遷移試驗(yàn)探究了GO和污染物的協(xié)同遷移行為,GO能夠釋放滯留在砂柱中二價(jià)鉛(Pb(II))、二價(jià)鎘(Cd(II))、二價(jià)銅(Cu(II))和六價(jià)鈾(U(VI))等重金屬污染物,并促進(jìn)其遷移[12-14]。另外,Liu等[15]研究表明GO也可促進(jìn)有機(jī)污染物的遷移。
綜上,GO對(duì)As(V)在土壤介質(zhì)中的遷移也具有重要影響,GO可以改變As(V)與土壤的結(jié)合形式,增加As(V)在土壤中的移動(dòng)性與生物有效性。但As(V)與GO在介質(zhì)中遷移行為的研究鮮見報(bào)道。黏土礦物是土壤中活性較強(qiáng)的固體成分,在影響污染物的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化方面起著重要的作用[16-19]。Selim等[20]發(fā)現(xiàn)砷在土壤中的運(yùn)移主要受固體基質(zhì)表面吸附-解吸過程的控制。Constantinos等[21]和Indranil等[22]研究表明溶液中存在黏土礦物膠體時(shí)會(huì)抑制GO的遷移,其抑制能力最高是高嶺石,其次是蒙脫石和伊利石。但這些研究是探究溶液中存在黏土礦物膠體時(shí)對(duì)GO和As(V)遷移的影響,而針對(duì)介質(zhì)表面固定黏土礦物對(duì)GO和As(V)共遷移影響的研究還未開展,關(guān)于不同黏土礦物間對(duì)GO和As(V)運(yùn)移的差異研究目前也處于空白。因此,本研究以GO、As(V)在蒙脫石、高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的遷移為研究對(duì)象,深入分析GO、As(V)在黏土礦物改性介質(zhì)中的共遷移行為,揭示GO、As(V)與土壤黏土礦物之間的相互作用,加深GO對(duì)As(V)在土壤介質(zhì)中遷移影響的認(rèn)知和理解,以期進(jìn)一步完善納米顆粒對(duì)土壤中As(V)遷移的理論,為土壤As(V)污染修復(fù)和毒性控制提供依據(jù),并促進(jìn)對(duì)農(nóng)田作物和人體健康的有效保護(hù)。
氧化石墨烯(GO)購自先豐納米公司(中國南京)。將20 mg的 GO加入1 L蒸餾水中,使用超聲波清洗器(KQ-500DE,昆山超聲波儀器公司,中國)超聲分散120 min,制得20 mg/L GO儲(chǔ)備液,調(diào)節(jié)儲(chǔ)備液pH值為6。將83.2 mg Na3AsO4加入1 L蒸餾水中配置20 mg/L As(V)儲(chǔ)備液。將83.2 mg Na3AsO4加入1 L的GO儲(chǔ)備液中,制得20 mg/LGO-As(V)儲(chǔ)備液(遷移試驗(yàn)前超聲分散均勻)。使用蒸餾水配制pH值為6、CNaCl濃度為1 mmol/L的背景溶液。使用Zetasizer nano ZS90(Malvern Instruments Inc.,UK)測(cè)定GO的Zeta電位和水合粒徑。GO的水合粒徑為(165.49±20.5) nm,Zeta電位為 (?21.3±0.6) mV;GO-As(V)的Zeta電位為(?26.7±0.4) mV。
將石英砂(周至縣秦豐石英砂廠)篩分至0.4~0.8 mm,用蒸餾水搓洗、浸泡24 h,之后依次分別用酸堿搓洗、浸泡24 h,以除去石英砂表面的金屬離子和膠體物質(zhì)[23],再使用蒸餾水淘洗石英砂,105 ℃下烘干。
蒙脫石、高嶺石改性石英砂的制備[24]:在1 L的蒸餾水中加入10 g的黏土礦物,攪拌,加入50 mL H2O2去除黏土礦物中的有機(jī)物,通過重力沉降獲得直徑小于2m的黏土礦物懸浮液。在懸浮液中加入500 mg/L聚乙烯醇溶液100 mL。將黏土-聚合物復(fù)合溶液與石英砂混合靜置24 h,之后在80 ℃下烘干24 h,用去離子水洗滌以除去未附著在石英砂表面的黏土礦物和聚乙烯醇,之后100 ℃下烘干24 h備用。
運(yùn)用掃描電子顯微鏡X射線能譜儀(Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer,SEM-EDS,S-4800,日本)對(duì)改性石英砂的表面特征進(jìn)行表征。表征結(jié)果如圖1所示,石英砂表面涂覆的高嶺石呈單體顆粒間分離,大小不同,多邊形塊狀結(jié)構(gòu)。石英砂表面涂覆的蒙脫石顆粒層層堆疊,呈無定形片狀,具有孔狀結(jié)構(gòu)。材料中的鋁元素(Al)和硅元素(Si)含量高表明高嶺石和蒙脫石顆粒附著在了石英砂表面(圖2)。

注:C為碳;O為氧;Na為鈉;Mg為鎂;Al為鋁;Si為硅;P為磷;K為鉀;Ca為鈣。
在高15 cm、內(nèi)徑3 cm的有機(jī)玻璃柱中,填充石英砂、改性石英砂進(jìn)行GO、As(V)的遷移試驗(yàn)。為最大限度減少分層,排空砂柱中的空氣,采用濕法填裝石英砂柱[23]。在濕法填裝過程中,共加入48 mL蒸餾水,遷移柱的孔隙體積(Pore Volume,PV)設(shè)定為48 mL,孔隙率為0.45。試驗(yàn)前,使用蒸餾水持續(xù)沖洗砂柱,直至出流液中不含可見雜質(zhì)。
將填裝比例0%、10%、30%和50%的改性石英砂(蒙脫石、高嶺石)與未改性石英砂混勻,采用濕法裝填遷移砂柱。遷移試驗(yàn)分為2個(gè)部分,1)用NaCl背景溶液(濃度為1 mmol/L,pH值為6)沖洗砂柱以平衡遷移條件,之后分別輸入60 mL的20 mg/LGO、20 mg/L As(V),最后將沖洗液切換為背景溶液繼續(xù)沖洗,直至出流液中無GO、As(V);2)用NaCl背景溶液沖洗以平衡遷移條件,將60 mL的GO-As(V)(20 mg/LGO、20 mg/L As(V))混合溶液輸入砂柱,之后再將沖洗液切換為背景溶液繼續(xù)沖洗,直至出流液中無GO、As(V)。砂柱遷移試驗(yàn)重復(fù)2次。
試驗(yàn)流速通過蠕動(dòng)泵(HL-2B,上海滬西分析儀器有限公司)控制為1 mL/min。使用自動(dòng)收集器(EBS-20,上海滬西分析儀器有限公司)收集出流液。通過紫外-可見分光光度計(jì)(UV-2800,上海尤尼柯儀器有限公司)在波長229 nm下測(cè)定GO的濃度[25]。As(V)的濃度使用火焰石墨爐原子吸收光譜儀(PinAAciie 900F,美國珀金埃爾默有限公司)進(jìn)行測(cè)定。使用Zetasizer nano ZS90測(cè)定0%、10%、30%和50%改性石英砂表面的Zeta電位[26]。測(cè)定方如下:遷移試驗(yàn)前,從砂柱中取出完整的石英砂置于背景溶液中,超聲10 min后浸泡6 h,測(cè)定溶液的Zeta電位。純石英砂的Zeta電位為(?19.4±0.8) mV;10%、30%和50%高嶺石改性石英砂的Zeta電位分別為(?21.4±1.6)、(?22.45±0.4)和(?26.4±0.7) mV;10%、30%和50%蒙脫石改性石英砂的Zeta電位分別為(?23.2±1.3)、(?29.6±2.4)和(?37.5±0.9) mV。
Darjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek(DLVO)理論用于計(jì)算GO和石英砂表面的相互作用力[12],通常用來解釋膠體在多孔介質(zhì)中的遷移行為。 DLVO能(ΔDLVO,kT)是范德華作用能(ΔEL,kT)和靜電作用能(ΔLW,kT)兩相互作用能的總和,計(jì)算如式(1)所示。
ΔDLVO=ΔLW+ΔEL(1)
Microsoft Excel軟件用于處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。通過質(zhì)量守恒計(jì)算As(V)和GO的回收率(%)。不同因素對(duì)As(V)和GO遷移影響的差異使用t檢驗(yàn)的配對(duì)樣本檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析,顯著水平設(shè)置為0.05。
As(V)在高嶺石、蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的遷移曲線如圖3所示。

圖3 不同改性石英砂填加量下五價(jià)砷(As(V))的遷移曲線
As(V)在蒙脫石比例為0%、10%、30%和50%的改性石英砂柱中呈現(xiàn)出不同的遷移曲線(圖3a)。純石英砂柱中,在PV為0.8處As(V)被檢出,之后As(V)濃度迅速升高,在PV為2處達(dá)到峰值,相對(duì)濃度達(dá)0.95,表明As(V)在純石英砂柱中的遷移性極強(qiáng)。對(duì)比圖3a和圖3b 中的遷移曲線發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著砂柱中蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂填加比例的增大,As(V)在砂柱中的沉積量逐漸增加。As(V)在比例為0%、10%、30%和50%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率分別為94%、92%、88%和82%,在相應(yīng)比例高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的回收率分別為94%、89%、83%和79%(表1)。As(V)在50%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率相對(duì)于純石英砂柱下降了12%,在高嶺石改性石英砂柱的回收率下降了15%,通過t檢驗(yàn)的配對(duì)樣本檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行差異分析發(fā)現(xiàn)在不同比例間As(V)的遷移均呈顯著性差異(0.05)。
GO在不同質(zhì)量比例的蒙脫石、高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的穿透曲如圖4所示。在純石英砂柱中,GO幾乎全部流出砂柱,表明GO在純石英砂中不受阻滯作用。GO在10%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的遷移曲線與純石英砂柱中的遷移曲線差異不顯著(0.05),表明較低含量的蒙脫石改性石英砂對(duì)GO的遷移影響較小。GO在50%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率相對(duì)于純石英砂柱下降了17%,經(jīng)過t檢驗(yàn)-配對(duì)樣本檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行差異分析發(fā)現(xiàn),GO在純石英砂和10%蒙脫石改性石英砂中的遷移曲線與30%和50%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的遷移曲線呈顯著性差異(0.05)。結(jié)果表明隨著蒙脫石改性石英砂填加量的進(jìn)一步增加,GO受到的阻滯作用愈加明顯。

與填加不同比例蒙脫石改性石英砂的結(jié)果類似,隨著高嶺石改性石英砂所占比例的增加,GO的遷移能力也隨之下降(圖4b),根據(jù)質(zhì)量平衡計(jì)算,GO在高嶺石改性石英砂填加比例為0%、10%、30%和50% 的砂柱中的回收率分別為96%、91%、87%和82%(表1)。GO在不同比例高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的遷移曲線均存在顯著差異(0.05)。
GO與As(V)在蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的共遷移曲線(圖5),其中圖5a和圖5b分別為GO-As在高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中GO的遷移曲線。在純石英砂柱中,GO的回收率為99%(表1),相比于單獨(dú)遷移的96%,回收率有所上升,但兩者的穿透曲線無顯著差異(0.05)。10%、30%和50%填加比例的高嶺石改性石英砂中GO的回收率分別為96%、95%和93%;蒙脫石改性石英砂中GO的回收率分別為97%、90%和84%(表1)。可知GO-As(V)共遷移中GO在砂柱中具有很強(qiáng)的遷移性,且遷移能力高于單獨(dú)遷移的GO。
GO-As(V)在高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中As(V)的遷移曲線見圖5c和圖5d。As(V)的遷移曲線與GO保持一致,在PV為0.8處被檢測(cè)出來,之后濃度迅速升高,在PV為2處出流液濃度達(dá)到峰值。根據(jù)質(zhì)量守恒計(jì)算,As(V)在填加0%、10%、30%和50%高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的回收率依次為100%、97%、91%和85%,蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率依次為100%、98%、94%和92%(表1),表明高嶺石改性石英砂對(duì)As(V)的滯留能力高于蒙脫石改性石英砂。

表1 五價(jià)砷(As(V))和氧化石墨烯在填加不同比例改性石英砂柱中的回收率
注:As(V)/GO-As(V)為氧化石墨烯與五價(jià)砷共遷移中的五價(jià)砷,GO/GO-As(V) 為氧化石墨烯與五價(jià)砷共遷移中的氧化石墨烯。
Note: As(V)/GO-As(V) is the As(V) in the co-transport of Graphene Oxide (GO) and As(V), GO/GO-As(V) is the Graphene Oxide (GO) in the co-transport of Graphene Oxide (GO) and As(V).

圖5 氧化石墨烯與五價(jià)砷(As(V))在改性石英砂柱中的共遷移曲線
GO與改性石英砂之間的DLVO相互作用能譜如圖6所示。
隨著改性石英砂質(zhì)量比例的增加,GO和高嶺石及蒙脫石改性石英砂之間的能壘逐漸增大,表明隨著改性石英砂比例的增加,GO與介質(zhì)表面的排斥力增大,不易沉積于介質(zhì)表面。圖6a中展示出GO和介質(zhì)之間的能壘均大于20 kT,表明GO顆粒難以通過布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)而沉積于介質(zhì)的表面。同時(shí),GO與蒙脫石改性石英砂之間的能壘大于GO與高嶺石改性石英砂之間的能壘,表明GO顆粒在蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中更不容易通過布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)克服能壘而永久性地沉積在石英砂表面[21]。GO與純石英砂、10%蒙脫石改性石英砂、30%蒙脫石改性石英砂、50%蒙脫石改性石英砂、10%高嶺石改性石英砂、30%高嶺石改性石英砂以及50%高嶺石改性石英砂的二次能量最小值分別為?0.112、?0.103、?0.094、?0.091、?0.102、?0.093和?0.089 kT。表明隨著蒙脫石改性石英砂、高嶺石改性石英砂比例增加,GO和高嶺石及蒙脫石改性石英砂之間的二次能量最小值逐漸增大。

圖6 氧化石墨烯與不同比例改性石英砂的DLVO能譜圖
土壤中污染物的移動(dòng)性主要是由土壤的吸附特性控制,黏土礦物是土壤中活性較強(qiáng)的固體成分,在影響污染物的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化方面起著重要的作用[16-19]。As(V)在黏土礦物改性石英砂柱中的遷移結(jié)果顯示,As(V)的遷移能力受到了抑制。Lin等[27]指出蒙脫石和高嶺石外表面的邊緣斷鍵,像Si-OH和Al-OH,讓其外部邊緣擁有類似氧化物的特性,黏土礦物表面可以吸附As(V)。Eleonora等[28]和Ladeira等[29]等研究發(fā)現(xiàn),As(V)與蒙脫石周圍的≡Al-OH官能團(tuán)結(jié)合形成單核或雙核雙配位絡(luò)合基團(tuán),從而吸附在蒙脫石的表面。As(V)在0%、10%、30%和50%比例蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的遷移能力逐漸降低,是因?yàn)殡S著蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂填加量的增加,砂柱中供As(V)沉積的位點(diǎn)也隨之增加。盡管As(V)在不同比例高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的遷移規(guī)律與在蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的基本一致,但經(jīng)過t檢驗(yàn)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),As(V)在2種改性石英砂柱中的遷移行為存在著差異性(0.05),As(V)在高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的整體回收率均低于在蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率。這是因?yàn)楦邘X石晶體破裂所形成的正電荷多于蒙脫石,整體呈現(xiàn)出的Zeta電位大于蒙脫石,因而As(V)在高嶺石改性石英砂柱的滯留量更多[30]。由測(cè)定的Zeta電位可以得知蒙脫石表面的負(fù)電性更大,對(duì)As(V)的排斥作用更強(qiáng),因而As(V)的出流更多。這與Yin等[31]對(duì)蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中Pb(II)和Cd(II)在遷移的研究現(xiàn)象一致:蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中Pb(II)和Cd(II)的沉積量大于高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的沉積量。此外,與單獨(dú)遷移的As(V)相比,GO-As(V)混合液As(V)的遷移能力明顯提升(0.05)。主要是因?yàn)镚O能夠作為As(V)的載體攜帶As(V)遷移。這與目前的一些研究結(jié)果類似,溶液中存在GO顆粒時(shí),Pb(II)、Cd(II)、Cu(II)和U(VI)在介質(zhì)中的遷移能力均有提升[12-14]。
GO和介質(zhì)之間的能壘大于15 kT,且與不同比例蒙脫石改性石英砂間的二次能量最小值均小于高嶺石改性石英砂。根據(jù)DLVO理論,當(dāng)能壘大于15 kT時(shí),GO在介質(zhì)表面上的沉積行為通常會(huì)發(fā)生在二次能量最小值處,二次能量最小值越小,越容易發(fā)生沉積[12]。可以推測(cè)出相對(duì)于高嶺石改性石英砂,GO在蒙脫石改性石英砂中更容易沉積。GO在黏土礦物改性石英砂柱中的遷移結(jié)果顯示,高嶺石改性石英砂中對(duì)GO的阻滯能力小于蒙脫石改性石英砂,表明試驗(yàn)結(jié)果符合DLVO理論的預(yù)測(cè)。在Yin等[31]研究中同樣發(fā)現(xiàn)蒙脫石改性石英砂對(duì)GO的遷移能力的抑制作用大于高嶺石改性石英砂,主要是因?yàn)橥扛苍谑⑸氨砻娴拿擅撌啾扔诟邘X石褶皺更多,比表面積更大,砂柱中的吸附位點(diǎn)更多,使得GO滯留在砂柱中。隨著蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂填加量的進(jìn)一步增加,GO受到的阻滯作用愈加明顯,是因?yàn)轲ね恋V物進(jìn)一步增大了石英砂的比表面積,提供了更多的沉積位點(diǎn)[31]。
GO-As(V)共遷移結(jié)果顯示出GO在砂柱中具有很強(qiáng)的遷移性,且遷移能力高于單獨(dú)遷移的GO。主要是因?yàn)镚O負(fù)載As(V)后,其Zeta電位比GO更低,因而與介質(zhì)表面間的靜電排斥力更大,導(dǎo)致GO的遷移能力增強(qiáng)。與GO單獨(dú)遷移結(jié)果類似的是隨著高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂填加量的增大,GO受到的阻滯作用均逐漸增大,且GO在蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中受到的阻滯作用更為明顯,表明在GO-As(V)遷移過程中,GO與黏土礦物間的相互作用起著主導(dǎo)作用[31]。通過分析討論As(V)與GO的共遷移結(jié)果可知,當(dāng)溶液中同時(shí)存在GO和As(V)時(shí),二者在介質(zhì)中的遷移能力均大于其單獨(dú)遷移,因此當(dāng)GO、As(V)共同釋放到土壤中后,會(huì)加速As(V)的遷移,造成地下水As(V)污染。
1)五價(jià)砷(As(V))在填加0%、10%、30%和50%蒙脫石改性石英砂柱中的回收率依次為94%、92%、88%和82%,在相同比例高嶺石改性石英砂柱中的回收率依次為94%、89%、83%和79%,顯示出高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂的含量越高,As(V)在砂柱中的沉積量愈多,As(V)隨著蒙脫石和高嶺石改性石英砂填加比例的增加,遷移能力逐漸降低,氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)亦是同樣的結(jié)果;
2)As(V)在不同性質(zhì)介質(zhì)中的遷移能力從大到小為純石英砂、蒙脫石改性石英砂、高嶺石改性石英砂,而GO的遷移能力從大到小則為純石英砂、高嶺石改性石英砂、蒙脫石改性石英砂;
3)當(dāng)溶液中同時(shí)存在GO和As(V)時(shí),GO的Zeta電位由?21.3下降至?26.7 mV,主要原因是As(V)的存在增加了GO表面攜帶的負(fù)電荷,增大了與介質(zhì)表面間的排斥力,另一方面說明GO可以作為As(V)的載體攜帶As(V)進(jìn)行遷移,因此GO和As(V)在高嶺石和蒙脫石改性石英砂中的遷移能力均大于其單獨(dú)遷移。
綜上所述,GO、As(V)共同釋放到農(nóng)田土壤中后,會(huì)加速As(V)的遷移,造成農(nóng)田土壤砷污染的擴(kuò)大化,不利于土壤砷污染的修復(fù)。
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Co-transport characteristics of graphene oxide and pentavalent arsenic in modified porous media
Meng Qingtao1,2,3, Guan Duo3,Jiang Yanji3, Sun Huimin3, Yin Xianqiang3※, Wang Nong4
(1,730000,; 2100049;3.712100,;4300191,)
Arsenic is one of the main elements of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil. In the process of remediation of arsenic-contaminated farmland soil, it is often overlooked that nanoparticles can re-release the bound arsenic, leading to an increase in the effective arsenic concentration. Due to its high specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity, Graphene Oxide (GO) can be used as a carrier of pollutants to carry pollutants and migrate in groundwater environments. However, researches on the transport behavior of anions Arsenic (As(V)) and GO have not been reported. Clay minerals are more active solid components in the soil and play an important role in affecting the migration and transformation of pollutants. Exploring the influence of clay minerals in the soil on the transport behavior of GO and As(V) in porous media is of great significance for improving the theory and model of the fate and transport of nanoparticles and As(V) in the soil, and protecting the soil-groundwater environment. In this study, the influence of clay minerals on the transport behavior of GO and pentavalent As(V) in porous media was investigated. The montmorillonite and kaolinite were used to modify the quartz sand, and the surface characteristics of the modified quartz sand were characterized by a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. The migration behavior of GO, As(V) and GO-As(V) in 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50% montmorillonite and kaolinite modified quartz sand column was systematically studied by sand column transport experiment. The difference of the effect of different addition ratios on the transport of As(V) and GO was analyzed with the t-test (paired sample test), and the transport behavior of GO colloids in porous media was explained with Darjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The research results showed that the kaolinite particles coated on the surface of quartz sand were separated between particles, and the size was different. The montmorillonite particles coated on the surface of the quartz sand were stacked layer by layer in the shape of an amorphous sheet with a pore-shaped structure. GO and As(V) alone had high mobility in porous media. GO and As(V) both had high mobility in pure quartz sand column, and the recovery rates were 96% and 94%, respectively. The proportion of kaolinite and montmorillonite modified quartz sand added was increased to 10%, 30%, and 50%. The migration ability of GO and As(V) all showed a decreasing trend, there were significant differences in the migration curves of GO and As(V) under different conditions (<0.05). The recovery rate of GO in the 50% kaolinite modified quartz sand column was 14% lower than that of the quartz sand column, and the recovery rate in the montmorillonite modified quartz sand column was reduced by 17%, while the As(V) decreased by 15% and 12% respectively. When both GO and As(V) existed in the solution, the Zeta potential of GO decreased from -21.3 to -26.7 mV. The presence of As(V) increased the negative charge carried on the GO surface and increased the repulsive force with the surface of the medium. On the other hand, it showed that GO could be used as a carrier of As(V) to carry As(V) for migration. Therefore, the migration ability of GO and As(V) in kaolinite and montmorillonite modified quartz sand was greater than their transport alone. The analysis showed that the mobility of As(V) in the montmorillonite modified quartz sand column was greater than that of kaolinite modified quartz sand, while the mobility of GO was opposite. When both GO and As(V) existed in the solution, the mobility of both in the medium was greater than their transport alone. The transport behavior of GO in packing modified quartz sand with different proportions was consistent with the DLVO theory. This study showed that they could accelerate the transport of As(V) and caused the expansion of soil arsenic pollution after GO and As(V) being released into the porous media.
heavy metals; soils; water; graphene oxide; kaolinite; montmorillonite; As(V); transport
孟慶濤,管多,姜延吉,等. 氧化石墨烯和五價(jià)砷在改性多孔介質(zhì)中的共遷移特性[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2020,36(17):142-148.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.017 http://www.tcsae.org
Meng Qingtao, Guan Duo, Jiang Yanji, et al. Co-transport characteristics of graphene oxide and pentavalent arsenic in modified porous media[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2020, 36(17): 142-148. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.017 http://www.tcsae.org
2020-04-25
2020-07-22
國家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2018YFC1800600);國家自然科學(xué)基金面上項(xiàng)目(41877018,41771260);陜西省重點(diǎn)研發(fā)項(xiàng)目(2018ZDXM-SF-030,2017SF-377)
孟慶濤,博士生,主要從事水土環(huán)境污染控制與生態(tài)修復(fù)研究。Email:mqt@nwafu.edu.cn
殷憲強(qiáng),博士,教授,主要從事環(huán)境污染治理領(lǐng)域的納米材料的環(huán)境效應(yīng)、微量元素的遷移轉(zhuǎn)化、土壤重金屬污染修復(fù)、有機(jī)污染物的降解等研究。Email:xqyin@nwsuaf.edu.cn
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2020.17.017
X8
A
1002-6819(2020)-17-0142-07