張純萍
[摘要] 糖尿病以及并發癥已成為威脅人類健康的主要疾病之一。芹菜素是廣泛分布于各種蔬菜和水果中的天然黃酮類化合物,芹菜素具有抗氧化、抗炎、保護神經等作用,并從機制上肯定了其治療糖尿病及其并發癥的有效性。本文對芹菜素治療糖尿病及其并發癥的作用機制進行歸納總結,包括芹菜素可減少抗氧化應激、保護胰島β細胞線粒體膜、增加胰島素敏感性、激活過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ改善心肌梗死后血流動力學紊亂以及抑制膠原Ⅳ、纖連蛋白改善腎臟的纖維化,說明芹菜素具有多靶點、多途徑、多層次等治療優勢,可用于治療糖尿病及其并發癥,改善預后,具有廣闊的研究前景,為進一步開發芹菜素提供新的思路和依據。
[關鍵詞] 芹菜素;糖尿病;研究進展;作用機制
[中圖分類號] R587.1 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] A ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-7210(2020)08(b)-0034-03
[Abstract] Diabetes mellitus and its complications have become one of the major diseases threatening human health. Apigenin is a natural flavonoid widely distributed in a variety of vegetables and fruits. Apigenin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects, and confirmed its effectiveness in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. This paper summarizes the mechanism of apigenin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications, including apigenin can reduce antioxidant stress, protect the mitochondrial membrane of pancreatic beta cells, increase insulin sensitivity, and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) to improve hemodynamics disorder after myocardial infarction and inhibits collagen Ⅳ and fibronectin to improve renal fibrosis. These results indicate that apigenin has therapeutic and prognostic advantages in patients with diabetes mellitus and complications based on multi-target, multi-pathway and multi-layer treatment, which provides a new idea and basis for the further development of apigenin.
[Key words] Apigenin; Diabetes mellitus; Research progress; Mechanism of action
糖尿病主要是指因胰島素分泌絕對或相對缺乏導致糖、蛋白與脂肪等代謝發生紊亂的一組臨床綜合征。近年來,2型糖尿病發病率急劇上升,已經成為世界性公共衛生問題[1]。目前我國2型糖尿病的患病率位于世界第1位[2]。芹菜素屬于黃酮類化合物,它廣泛存在于日常食用的蔬菜和水果中[3]。黃酮類化合物具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌以及抗癌的作用。有研究顯示,芹菜素對糖尿病及其并發癥有一定的作用[4]。本文將有關芹菜素治療糖尿病及其并發癥的藥理作用進行綜述,為進一步研究探索與開發利用芹菜素防治糖尿病的藥理作用提供參考。
1 芹菜素治療糖尿病的作用機制
2型糖尿病是由遺傳與環境因素共同作用形成的復雜疾病,其中胰島素抵抗和β細胞功能障礙是2型糖尿病發病機制中的重要決定因素[5-6]。研究表明,胰島β細胞的功能異常以及代償能力下降可導致2型糖尿病的發生[7-8]。
1.1 抗氧化應激,保護胰島β細胞功能
2型糖尿病發病機制復雜,主要是由于糖脂毒性、氧化應激、炎癥等因素導致胰島β細胞數量進行性減少[9]。Suh等[10]研究顯示,芹菜素通過抗氧化應激、保護胰島β細胞線粒體膜損傷的作用減少胰島β細胞凋亡。Rukiyah等[11]發現,芹菜素通過抑制環氧化酶-2的表達減少氧化應激反應。芹菜素還可以通過減少活性氧自由基對胰島細胞的損傷[12]以及減少氧化應激所導致的炎癥反應達到保護胰島β細胞的作用[13]。
1.2 增加胰島素敏感型、改善胰島素抵抗
芹菜素具有調節微小RNA(miRNA)表達的作用。miRNA是內源性單鏈小RNA,其中miRNA 103/107可調控機體對胰島素敏感性與血糖穩態[14]。Ohno等[15]在過度表達miRNA 103的轉基因小鼠腹腔中注射芹菜素2周后可抑制miRNA 103的成熟,從而改善小鼠的糖耐量。此外,miRNA 122參與調節糖脂代謝平衡,它與糖尿病、胰島素抵抗等疾病的發生密切相關[16]。Shibata等[17]發現,芹菜素能降低人體肝細胞中miRNA 122的表達,這可能是芹菜素治療糖尿病的作用靶點。
1.3 抑制糖異生
葡萄糖-6-磷酸酶(G6Pc)和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧化激酶(PEPCK)為肝臟糖異生的關鍵酶[18]。肝臟的胰島素活性主要是由叉頭轉錄因子1調控。當出現胰島素抵抗時,叉頭轉錄因子1轉錄活性增強后可活化G6Pc和PEPCK,從而導致胰島素抵抗[19]。體外研究表明,芹菜素通過激活NF-E2相關因子2,可減少肝細胞中的G6Pc和PEPCK mRNA的表達[20],達到抑制糖異生的作用。
2 芹菜素對糖尿病并發癥的治療作用
2.1 治療糖尿病心血管疾病
氧化應激和細胞凋亡增加是糖尿病心臟共同發病的原因之一[21]。研究表明,過氧化物酶體增殖物激活受體-γ(PPAR-γ)激動劑可減輕心肌缺血再灌注所致的炎癥及繼發性心肌損傷[22]。因此,PPAR-γ成為預防代謝紊亂、心臟并發癥和心力衰竭的新的治療靶點[23]。Buwa等[24]研究表明,芹菜素對心肌損傷的保護作用與刺激PPAR-γ產生有關。芹菜素可增強內源性抗氧化劑作用,增加心臟的收縮功能[25-26]。Gutierrez-Venegas等[27]在糖尿病心肌梗死大鼠模型中使用芹菜素后,發現大鼠血流動力學紊亂明顯改善,同時還可以提高左室舒張功能,考慮與激動PPAR-γ有關。此外,芹菜素可以減輕心肌細胞炎癥反應,抑制缺氧誘導的心肌損害,下調低氧誘導因子-1α,緩解高血壓導致的心肌肥厚[28]。這些研究表明芹菜素可減少高糖狀態下的心血管損害。
2.2 治療糖尿病腎病
糖尿病腎病是由于長期未控制的高血糖引起的一種微血管并發癥,其早期病理表現為腎小管肥大、腎小球系膜細胞擴張、基底膜增厚,并伴有巨噬細胞和T淋巴細胞的浸潤。糖尿病腎病臨床表現為腎小球高濾過狀態、白蛋白排泄增加;晚期可出現蛋白尿增多,最終導致腎小管萎縮、腎間質纖維化,腎小球濾過率逐漸下降[29]。Malik等[30]研究發現,對鏈脲佐菌素誘導的糖尿病大鼠予以多種劑量的芹菜素可顯著抑制腎臟的纖維化,尤其以高劑量芹菜素對膠原Ⅳ、纖連蛋白的抑制作用最明顯。此外,通過調節MAPK-NF-κB-TNF-α通路,芹菜素可抑制高糖狀態下的腎臟炎癥反應。以上研究提示芹菜素具有保護腎臟的作用。
2.3 治療糖尿病視網膜病
糖尿病視網膜病變是糖尿病最常見的微血管并發癥之一,其發病機制為視網膜微血管炎癥,可刺激血清中腫瘤壞死因子-α(TNF-α)升高,導致淋巴細胞活化分泌大量炎癥介質使患者血管內皮損傷,進而誘發微血管并發癥的發生[31]。Fu等[32]研究發現,芹菜素通過抑制天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶的凋亡和激活NF-κB來減輕TNF-α誘導的細胞凋亡,進而減輕視網膜神經節細胞功能受損。此外,芹菜素還能促進視網膜細胞ATP和總攝氧量增加。因此,芹菜素有可能成為治療視網膜病變的抗凋亡藥物。
3 小結與展望
從目前的研究來看,芹菜素通過多靶點、多通路潛在改善炎癥、糖尿病及其并發癥等,而且其毒性與其他黃酮類化合物相比較低。近年來芹菜素的研究多處于動物模型階段,許多作用機制仍不清楚,還需要更多的研究進一步深入了解芹菜素,開發為新型抗糖尿病藥物。
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(收稿日期:2020-02-17)