方峰
[摘 要] ZAK是一種蛋白激酶,屬于混合譜系激酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases,MAPKKKs)家族,功能上屬于絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases,MAPKKKs)。ZAK在腫瘤的發生發展中扮演著重要的角色,且與心肌肥大和細胞周期相關。文章對ZAK的結構功能、ZAK與腫瘤、心肌肥大和細胞周期的關系逐一綜述。
[關鍵詞] ZAK;MLK;MAPK
[作者簡介] 方 峰(1986—),女,河南南陽人,醫學碩士,洛陽職業技術學院解生教研室助教,主要從事人體解剖學教學與研究。
[中圖分類號] G718? ? [文獻標識碼] A? ? [文章編號] 1674-9324(2020)25-0371-02? ? ?[收稿日期] 2020-02-05
一、ZAK的結構
Chu等人在2000年首次克隆出了ZAK基因[1]。ZAK蛋白有兩種剪接亞型,即ZAK-α和ZAK-β。ZAK也稱ZAK-α或MLTK-α(MLK-like MAP Triple Kinase-α),它的cDNA含有2456bp,編碼的蛋白質由80個氨基酸組成,其蛋白的分子量約為91kDa。ZAK-β為ZAK-α的剪接變異體。ZAK-β也稱MLTK-β(MLK-like Mitogen-activated-protein Triple Kinase-β)或MRK-β(MLK-related Kinase-β),ZAK-β的cDNA有1367bp,編碼蛋白質的分子量約為51kDa。ZAK蛋白的結構中有一個激酶催化結構域(Kinase Catalytic Domain),一個亮氨酸拉鏈結構域(Leucine-zipper Domain)和一個不育基序結構域(Sterile-alpha Motif,SAM)。從氨基末端到羧基末端依次為激酶催化結構域亮氨酸拉鏈結構域SAM。從氨基末端到亮氨酸拉鏈,ZAK-β和ZAK-α的結構是相同的,從亮氨酸拉鏈之后,ZAK-β的亮氨酸拉鏈發散并終止,因此,ZAK-β的結構中缺少一個SAM[2,3]。
二、ZAK的功能
混合譜系激酶是絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶家族中的一種,功能上屬于絲裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶激酶,可誘導絲裂原活化蛋白激酶(Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase,MAPK)的級聯反應。基于MLKs催化結構域內域的次序和序列的相似性,將MLKs分為三個亞組:MLKs、DLKs(the Dual-leucine-zipper-bearing Kinases)和ZAKs亞組。MLKs的功能屬于MAPKKKs,可活化c-Jun N端激酶(c-jun N-terminal or Stress-activated Protein Kinases,JNK)/脅迫激活的蛋白激酶(Stress-activated Protein Kinase,SAPK)和P38MAPK信號通路。在哺乳動物的細胞中,MLKs參與細胞凋亡的控制,且是許多神經性病變疾病潛在的藥物靶點。MLK2,MLK3或DLK在PC12大鼠腎上腺髓質嗜鉻瘤分化細胞中的高表達可誘導細胞的凋亡[4]。在NIH-3T3小鼠成纖維細胞中,野生型的MLK3的高表達可誘導細胞的轉化和錨定非依賴性生長[5]。對HCT15結腸癌細胞進行MLK3 RNA干擾,細胞的增殖明顯減弱[6]。MLK3是轉化生長因子β1(Transforming Growth Factor β1,TGF-β1)誘導Hep3B肝癌細胞凋亡信號轉導的介導者[7]。
ZAK蛋白激酶是MLKs家族的成員之一,功能上屬于MAP3K。ZAK可在人體的心臟、胎盤、肝、肺和胰腺組織中表達,但在心臟中的表達最豐富。[8]ZAK是應激激活信號轉導級聯反應中的一個組成部分,與細胞凋亡、細胞周期和腫瘤細胞的轉化等癌癥相關的途徑相關。在哺乳動物的細胞中,ZAK基因的表達能夠特異性地激活JNK/SAPK和NF-κβ信號通路。ZAK也能夠激活MKK7,MKK7為JNK/SAPK的活化劑。ZAK-α參與組蛋白的磷酸化[9]和肌動蛋白應力纖維的分裂[ 10 ]。
三、ZAK與腫瘤
ZAK-α的高表達有效地誘導JB6C141皮膚表皮細胞的增殖和轉化[ 11 ]。在Hep3B肝癌細胞系中,ZAK的高表達誘導細胞的凋亡。而在大鼠胚胎成纖維細胞中,ZAK的高表達則抑制細胞的增殖[ 12 ]。在小鼠成纖維細胞中,ZAK的高表達通過活化JNK/SAPK信號通路,抑制細胞的增殖。在肺癌細胞中,ZAK以抑癌基因的角色抑制肺癌細胞的增殖[ 13 ]。ZAK-α的高表達誘導一些與癌癥相關的信號通路基因的激活,如轉錄因子激活蛋白1(Transcription Activator Protein,AP-1)和NF-κβ。Liu[ 14 ]等人的研究表明:在胃部腫瘤組織和胃癌細胞系中,MLTK-α蛋白的表達量較正常組織和細胞中的表達量高,MLTK-α在胃癌中具有致癌性。在肝癌組織中,ZAK mRNA的水平下調,且ZAK的表達水平與組織中的URHC(Up-regulate in Hepatocellular Carcinoma)呈負相關。URHC為一種新型的長鏈非編碼RNA(Long Non-coding RNA,LncRNA),在人肝癌細胞中,URHC下調ZAK的mRNA和蛋白的表達,且ZAK參與URHC介導的細胞增殖和凋亡。
四、ZAK與心肌肥大
心肌肥大是指心肌細胞體積增大,直徑增寬或長度增加及肌節數量的增多。心肌肥大是肥大刺激誘導核內基因異常表達的結果,細胞內信號轉導通路是肥大刺激與核內基因轉錄活化的偶聯環節。MKK7在新生兒的心肌細胞中能引起特征性的肥大[ 15 ]。ZAK也可以激活MKK7,MKK7是JNK/SAPK的活化劑。ZAK在H9c2心肌母細胞中的表達,能引起心肌細胞的特征性肥大(細胞尺寸的增大、肌節的增多,提升心房利鈉因子基因的表達),此過程不受到細胞周期的調節,但與p21相關。此外,ZAK在心肌細胞中調節心房利鈉因子(ANF)的表達。在培養的心肌成肌細胞中,TGF-β(Transforming Growth Factor-β)通過ZAK誘導ANF的表達和細胞的肥厚生長。因此,ZAK參與調節心肌肥大的信號轉導。
五、ZAK與細胞周期
ZAK和ZZaPK(Ainc Finger and ZAK Associated Protein with KRAB Domain)相互作用對細胞周期產生影響。ZAK和ZZaPK相互作用,刺激表達ZAK的細胞再次進入細胞周期,也可阻滯細胞的增殖,這種細胞的增殖是由ZAK降低周期蛋白E的表達水平引起的。ZZaPK通過調節E2F的表達和周期蛋白E∕CD2的活性阻礙ZAK誘導的細胞周期的停滯。
六、展望
對ZAK的研究是近幾年發展迅速的研究領域,但處于起始階段。許多生命過程都受到ZAK的影響,如細胞周期、細胞的凋亡與增殖。但ZAK的具體功能有待深入研究。隨著對ZAK研究的深入,必將為某些疾病的診斷與治療提供新的思路和選擇機會。
參考文獻
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Abstract:ZAK (Sterile Alpha Motif and Leucine Zipper Containing Kinase) is a protein kinase that belongs to the Mixed Lineage Kinase (MLK) family and functionally belongs to Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinases Kinases (MAPKKKs).ZAK plays an important role in tumor development and is related to myocardial hypertrophy and cell cycle.This article reviews the structure and function of ZAK,the relationship between ZAK and tumor,and the relationship between myocardial hypertrophy and cell cycle.
Key words:ZAK;MLK;MAPK