劉發金
摘要:英語中,英語的主動語態表明句子主語是動作行為的發出者。需要強調或突出動作執行者時,就用主動語態。現實中,主動語態比被動語語態使用頻率高。被動語態表明句子主語是接受或承接謂語動詞表示的動作。當出現需要突出動作承受者、動作承受者不明確、考慮到禮貌、措辭或句子主語太長等情況時,就必須使用被動語態。理論上,及物動詞都有主動語態和被動語態兩種形式,并且可根據語體、表達需要、強調的重點等選擇使用不同的語態,主動語態也都可以轉變為被動語態,主動語態和被動語態相互對應,同一意思可用兩種語態來表達,但現實情況并非如此。由于受動詞含義、賓語、意義、語體、話題、想象性等內容的限制,部分英語主動語態的句子是不能變成被動語態的,這一語法現象應加以注意。
關鍵詞:制約 主動語態 被動語態 轉換
中圖分類號:H314? 文獻標識碼:A? 文章編號:1009-5349(2020)10-0210-03
英語中,英語主動語態和被動語態在大多數情況下可以相互對應。理論上講,所有及物動詞的主動語態都可以變成被動語態,但實際應用中,因為動詞、賓語、意義、話題、中心、語體和語境等的制約,有些主動語態不能變成被動語態。
一、制約因素
1.動詞意義的限制
(1)在某些特定意義上,一些表示相對靜止狀態的動詞的主動語態不能變成被動語態。這類動詞大部分是表示“相互作用”的動詞(reciprocal verbs),比如表示“相象”的動詞或短語,resemble,look like,equal,favour(to look like);表示“容納”概念的動詞及其反義詞,contain,hold,comprise,lack;表示“適合”的動詞,become,suit,fit,befit;表示“被占有”意義的動詞,have,own,possess,retain,及last(to be enough for,夠……之用),befall(to happen to發生,降臨),fall,want[to be without;not have enough (of)缺乏],suffice [(esp.of food),satisfy 滿足],fail(to be unsuccessful失敗),mean(to intend打算),表示計量的動詞,weigh,cost,last,own等。句子主語不是這些動詞所表示動作的執行者,而且賓語不受動作的影響,不是動作的承受者。但若詞義發生變化,則主動語態可變成被動語態。
The jeans do not become the boy.(becometo suit or to be suitable for合身;適合)
Mr Cliff Young prefers Beijing opera very much.(preferlike better更喜歡)
The Terras have two big houses in the center of the city.(haveto possess;own 擁有)
(2)不及物動詞本來不能用于被動語態,但一些副詞或介詞與某些不及物動詞相結合,構成短語動詞,其中有些實際上相當于一個及物動詞,則可以將主動語態變成被動語態。一個短語動詞又可能有數個不同的含義,在某一意義上是不及物的,而在另一意義上是及物的,需仔細辨別;因為只有當它是及物的時,才能變成被動語態。這可以從下面例子中看出。
The daughter-in-law broke in with some fresh ideas of her own.
[break in(intransitive)to interrupt打斷,插嘴]
Half an hour of drill in advance should be enough to break you in.
(Half an hour of drill in advance should be enough for you to be broken in.)
[break in(transitive)accustom to a certain activity or occurrence 使……適應某種活動或情況]
Jackson doesnt care for his new car.
[care for(intransitive)to like,or to want喜歡;想要]
The health authorities will care for his wife and son properly.
(His wife and son will be properly cared for by the health authorities.)
[care for(transitive)to be responsible for;to take care of負責;照顧]
(3)“動詞+介詞”構成的短語動詞,通常既可以按其原有的字面意義使用,也可以按引申意義使用。通常只有按其引申意義解釋時,才可以變成被動語態。
a.When the couple arrived at the bus stop,the bus was moving.
[arrive at? to reach (a place)到達(某地)]
b.The couple quarrelled and quarrelled,but finally they arrived at a decision.
[arrive atto reach (a conclusion,a decision etc.達成,作出(結論、決定等)]
a.Must you look into my drawer?
b.Perhaps they were looking into a case at that time.(look into investigate調查)
上述每組a例是按照需要表達的意思,由“動詞+介詞”靈活搭配,且詞義是“動詞+介詞”的原有字面意義,因此,不能變成被動語態。b例則不同,該短語是固定的習語,按短語動詞的引申意義解釋,因此,能變成被動語態。
(4)雖然謂語動詞依然帶有賓語,但某些“動詞+名詞”構成的動詞短語,結構緊密,已成為不可割裂的整體,不能變成被動語態。常見的這類短語有:take place(發生),lose heart (灰心),speak ones mind(直率地發表意見),keep guard(放哨),keep ones word (守信),keep watch(監護),break ones word(失信、失言),have words(爭吵、吵架); eat ones words(收回前言;承認說錯);hold water(有道理),change hands(轉手、易手)等。
The teacher changed her colour.
The house has changed hands many times last five years.
(5)在“及物動詞+賓語+不帶to的不定式”結構中,絕大部分適用于這一句型的動詞都能變成被動語態,但是少數幾個動詞,如have,notice和watch等使役動詞和知覺動詞(verbs of perception)卻不能變成被動語態,這在閱讀和寫作中應加以注意。
Parker is supposed to have his daughter repair the laptop.
×His daughter is supposed to be had to repair the laptop.
The crowd noticed the car slip off the road.×The car was noticed to slip off the road.
(6)表示“喜愛、厭惡、偏愛、致使”等意義的動詞,如:beseech(懇求),bear(忍受、容忍),cause(使……遭受),get(使……),like(喜歡),love(熱愛),prefer(更喜歡),promise(許諾),trouble(使苦惱、使憂慮),want(想要),wish(希望)等,后接一個“名詞或代詞+不定式”結構時,不能變成被動語態。
The old lady liked me to visit her.×I was liked to visit her.
The girl wished her boyfriend to have a merry Christmas Day.
×Her boyfriend was wished to have a merry Christmas Day.
(7)完成進行體和情態完成進行體的被動語態結構笨拙、別扭,使用頻率低,因此,習慣上這兩類完成進行體主動語態不需要變成被動語態,盡管句子結構正確,但極為罕見。
MrSmith has been teaching English in China for ten years.
?English has been being taught by MrSmith in China for ten years.
Pauls parents must have been persuading him the whole morning.
?Paul must have been being persuaded by his parents the whole morning.
2.賓語的限制
及物動詞的賓語屬于下面所列的詞語或結構時,主動語態不能變成被動語態。
(1)反身代詞和相互代詞。
The lovely kid hurt himself on the face.
The twins are always helping each other with their homework.
For years the father and his son encouraged one another(each other).
(2)賓語是和動詞意義相同的同源賓語。
Last week Mr Kevin died a sudden death.
The Chinese people are now living a happy life.
除同源賓語外,這類動詞還可接其他賓語。在這種情況下,則可變成被動語態,但實際上用得比較少。
A company of foot(一連步兵)fought a great battle.
A great battle was fought(by a company of foot).
(3)賓語前有與主語有照應關系的物主限定詞時,或者當賓語是執行者(即主語)身體的某一部位時,主動語態不能變成被動語態。
Mr Simonparked hiscar in the main square and left hastily.