田曉霈


內容摘要:黑水城出土俄Инв.№.5147文書有一件以牲畜為質物的典畜貸糧契。結合《天盛律令》與唐代敦煌契對比分析,發現此契對西夏典借制度有如下補充認識:首先,西夏繼承了唐代的質押類型,但在收息方式上靈活多變,表現出“以典充息”和“典息兩立”并存的特點;其次,在債權擔保制度方面表現出“使軍”擔保的意義,其擔保方式有財產擔保和勞工擔保兩種形式;第三,西夏民事契約關系中違約罰款的官方收繳機構為罰贓庫。
關鍵詞:契約;西夏;借貸;典當;罰贓庫
中圖分類號:H211.7;F129 ?文獻標識碼:A ?文章編號:1000-4106(2020)02-0068-07
Several Problems of the Tangut Mortgage System
—Centered on the Tangut Document Инв.№.5147②,a Deed for
the Exchange of Livestock
TIAN Xiaopei
(Institute of Tangut Studies, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021)
Abstract: Инв.№.5147 unearthed from Khara-Khoto contains a deed for the exchange of livestock for food. Based on the Tiansheng Code of Laws and a comparative study of Dunhuang contract documents from the Tang dynasty, the author believes that this deed can lead to a better understanding of the following aspects of the Tangut mortgage system:(1)the Tangut developed more flexible modes of interest collection while inheriting the types of mortgages used in the Tang dynasty, which shows the coexistence of both“deed offsetting interest”and“deed-interest”;(2)in terms of security for debt, the significance of“military servant”security stood out, including property-based and labor-based security;(3)an official Tangut organization was set up for penalizing economic liabilities and confiscating property, namely the“Treasury of Penalty and Confiscation.”
Keywords: deed; Tangut; borrowing; pawn; Treasury of Penalty and Confiscation
典當借貸是中國古代民間經濟生活的重要內容,西夏時期基層社會的借貸業發達,出土文書中有大量借貸契約,既有無質物的信用借貸契,也有質物的典當契。大部分契約用西夏文草書書寫,識讀難度大,迄今得到譯釋研究的契約只占出土總量的一小部分,加之官方法典的記載又較為簡略,以致學界對西夏典借制度的認識尚存空白。文書釋讀方面,1980年陳國燦先生的《西夏天慶間典當殘契的復原》復原了英藏“裴松壽典糧文契”[1];史金波先生《西夏經濟文書研究》對4件典畜契做了考釋研究[2];于光建《〈天盛律令〉典當借貸門整理研究》對4件典畜契予以釋讀[3]。上述典當契,在質押類型、收息方式、擔保處罰等大體相同。俄Инв.№.5147文書中的典駝貸糧契較目前已譯釋的典當契表現出新特點,對補充西夏典當借貸制度乃至我國中古時期的高利貸制度的研究有重要意義[4]。……