敦煌壁畫僧人所坐榻形高座和椅形高座

楊森

內容摘要：敦煌壁畫中的高僧坐具，從箱形榻式高座發展到椅式高座，說明佛教在中國化的進程中，不斷學習、借鑒華夏固有的用具以融入當時社會。椅子輸入中土，又經過僧俗大眾的改造，椅式高座，也納入漢譯佛經專有名詞中。至宋西夏元還出現過附加高木梯的大高座。在榻式高座和椅式高座發展的同時，宋代民間還有榻椅合一的高座。榻式高座在清代繪畫偶有所見，但椅式高座罕見。伊朗、印度繪畫中僅見國王寶座為椅式高座。20世紀初，日本有僧人椅式高座的繪畫和寺院實物。

關鍵詞：敦煌;壁畫;床榻;椅子;高座

中圖分類號：K879.21 ?文獻標識碼：A ?文章編號：1000-4106（2020）02-0001-10

Bed and Chair-shaped High Seats Used by Monks

in Dunhuang Murals

YANG Sen

（Dunhuang Textual Research Institute， Dunhuang Academy， Lanzhou， Gansu 730030）

Abstract： The transformation of the seats for monks in Dunhuang murals from box-bed like high seats to chair-like high seats indicates that during the process of Sinicization， Buddhism continually studied and took reference from Chinese items so as to fit into Chinese society. The chair was introduced into the Central Plains of China and was transformed by both Buddhists and Chinese citizens into a type of chair-like high seat. These seats are even recorded among lists of objects in the Chinese version of contemporary Buddhist sutras. An especially high seat with an attached wooden ladder also appeared in the Song， Western Xia， and Yuan dynasties. Along with the development of high seats resembling beds and chairs， another kind of chair combining the form and function of both appeared in the Song dynasty. The bed-like high seat is occasionally depicted in the Qing dynasty paintings， while the chair-like high seat is very rare; in Iranian and Indian paintings from similar periods， however， the chair-like seat was only used by the kings. At the beginning of the 20th century， both paintings and physical examples of the chair-like high seats for monks began to appear in Japan.

Keywords： Dunhuang; mural; bed; chair; high seat

（Translated by WANG Pingxian）

本文略談僧人講經說法時所坐的箱形榻式和椅式高座。敦煌壁畫中北朝只出現框床式和四腿獨榻高座，唐初才出現箱形榻式高座。宋西夏維摩詰經變壁畫中仍有榻式高座，是加四立柱撐頂的蓋小帳。另外出土的宋西夏和元代佛經版畫中有附設高木梯的高榻式高座，明清時少見榻式高座。至于椅式高座，唐代以前少見，敦煌五代方出現椅式高座圖，之后也罕見椅式高座，在近現代的日本寺院中則有椅式高座圖和實物。筆者就這二種高座的產生、演化擬作分析，借此管窺高座從名詞到家具的轉換，到寺院實際使用，再成為高大豪華的座具，據此可見佛教中國化的發展歷程。

一 文獻中出現的高座名稱

1. 佛經類

漢譯佛經中有不少高座名詞。佛教自傳入伊始就不斷地學習、借鑒華夏固有的用具以融入當時的社會生活。……