陳玲嬌 吳愛惜 王麗珍



[摘要] 目的 探討早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩治療早產兒喂養不耐受的效果。 方法 選取2015年1月~2018年10月出生的早產兒80例,隨機分為兩組,各40例。對照組早產兒予以早期口腔運動干預,包括口腔刺激及非營養吸吮兩部分。觀察組早產兒在對照組基礎上給予腹部按摩。觀察并比較兩組早產兒治療后喂養不耐受及經口喂養情況,并比較治療2周后臨床效果。 結果 觀察組早產兒喂養不耐受發生率明顯低于對照組,開始經口喂養時間及完全經口喂養時間明顯短于對照組(P<0.05)。治療2周后,觀察組早產兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對照組(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。 結論 早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩用于早產兒的臨床效果確切,可提高喂養效果,減少喂養不耐受的發生,盡早達完全經口喂養。
[關鍵詞] 喂養不耐受;早產兒;口腔運動干預;腹部按摩
[中圖分類號] R722.6? ? ? ? ? [文獻標識碼] B? ? ? ? ? [文章編號] 1673-9701(2020)02-0077-03
Effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants
CHEN Lingjiao? ?WU Aixi? ?WANG Lizhen
Department of Pediatrics, Taizhou Hospital Taizhou, Enze Medical Center (Group) in Zhejiang Province, Linhai? ?317000, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the effect of early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage on feeding intolerance in premature infants. Methods 80 premature infants born between January 2015 and October 1818 were randomly divided into two groups, with 40 patients in each group. Premature infants in the control group were given early oral exercise interventions, including oral stimulation and non-nutritive sucking. Premature infants of the observation group were treated with abdominal massage based on the treatment of the control group. The feeding intolerance and oral feeding after treatment in the two groups were observed and compared, and the clinical effects after 2 weeks of treatment were compared. Results The incidence of feeding intolerance in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the oral feeding time and complete oral feeding time in the observation group was significantly shorter than that of the control group(P<0.05). After 2 weeks of treatment, the total clinical effective rate of preterm infants in the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group (χ2=4.50, P<0.05). Conclusion Early oral exercise intervention combined with abdominal massage for premature infants has clear clinical effect, which can improve feeding effect, reduce the occurrence of feeding intolerance, and complete oral feeding as soon as possible.
[Key words] Feeding intolerance; Premature infant; Oral exercise intervention; Abdominal massage
早產兒因消化道尚未完全發育成熟和神經系統調節障礙等因素,喂養后極易發生喂養不耐受現象,表現為腹脹、頻繁嘔吐、吃奶困難和胃儲留等,從而不能盡早實現全量經口喂養,使得早產兒營養攝入不足,影響其生長發育。因此,對早產兒予以積極有效干預,預防喂養不耐受及改善其營養狀況是臨床治療的關鍵[1-3]。早期口腔運動干預和腹部按摩均為目前治療早產兒喂養不耐受較常用方法,但兩者聯合使用國內報道較少[4-5]。本研究分析早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩治療早產兒喂養不耐受的效果,現報道如下。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1月~2018年10月在我院產科出生的早產兒80例。納入標準[6]:(1)胎齡28~37周,生命體征平穩;(2)5 min Apgar評分≥8分。排除標準[7]:口腔或消化道畸形、嚴重心肺疾病、顱內感染、遺傳代謝疾病及敗血癥等。按照隨機數字表法將分為兩組,各40例。兩組早產兒性別、胎齡、體質量和5 min Apgar評分等比較,差異無統計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
1.2 治療方法
對照組早產兒予以早期口腔運動干預,包括口腔刺激及非營養吸吮兩部分,其中口腔刺激即喂養前0.5 h予以嘴唇、臉頰、牙齦和舌頭等部位進行刺激;非營養吸吮即讓早產兒吸吮無孔安撫奶嘴10 min/次,5次/d。觀察組早產兒在對照組基礎上再加腹部按摩即早產兒喂養后1 h取平臥位,按環形或U形按摩腹部,按摩以臍為中心,手法輕緩柔和,不可用力過重,15 min/次,2次/d。觀察并比較兩組早產兒治療后喂養不耐受及經口喂養情況,并比較治療2周后臨床效果。
1.3 觀察指標
1.3.1 喂養不耐受及經口喂養情況? 包括喂養不耐受發生率,開始經口喂養時間及完全經口喂養時間,其中喂養不耐受是指早產兒出現嘔吐、腹脹及奶汁潴留等情況;開始經口喂養時間是指首次經口奶瓶喂養≥5 mL/次;完全經口喂養時間是指經口喂養奶量120 mL/(kg·d)。
1.3.2 效果評估標準[8]? 顯效:早產兒吸吮力顯著好轉,胃殘留量明顯減少,嘔吐及腹脹癥狀基本消失,腸鳴音基本恢復;有效:早產兒吸吮力有所好轉,胃殘留量有所減少,嘔吐及腹脹有所減輕,腸鳴音有所增強;無效:未達上述標準。總有效包括顯效+有效。
1.4 統計學處理
應用SPSS18.0軟件,計量資料以均數±標準差(x±s)表示,采用t檢驗,計數資料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2檢驗,以P<0.05為差異有統計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組早產兒治療后喂養不耐受及經口喂養情況比較
觀察組早產兒喂養不耐受發生率明顯低于對照組,開始經口喂養時間及完全經口喂養時間明顯短于對照組(P<0.05)。見表2。
表2? ?兩組早產兒治療后喂養不耐受及經口喂養情況比較
2.2 兩組早產兒療效比較
治療2周后,觀察組早產兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對照組(χ2=4.50,P<0.05)。見表3。
表3? ?兩組早產兒療效比較[n(%)]
3 討論
喂養不耐受是指新生兒開奶后出現的胃潴留、嘔吐、返流、腹脹等現象,是早產兒最常見的并發癥之一,主要是由于早產兒胎齡小、體質量低、胃腸道功能發育尚不健全,尤其是胃腸道的動力發育相對較滯后,加上吸吮和口腔吞咽功能較差,引起消化吸收功能障礙,導致胃腸道功能失調,引起腸道喂養不耐受,主要表現為頻繁嘔吐、腹部飽脹和胃內容物殘留等,影響腸道熱量攝取不足,導致營養物質的攝入不足,影響其生長發育,嚴重時危及早產兒生存,因此,如何減少早產兒喂養不耐受和保證營養物質的供應是兒科醫護人員關心的重要問題[9-10]。以往臨床上常采用早期的管飼喂養或胃腸外營養來滿足早產兒的日常營養需求,雖有一定的效果,但早期的管飼喂養對消化道正常刺激減少,不僅可致多種胃腸道并發癥發生,而且可引起胃腸道黏膜萎縮;胃腸外營養不僅可影響早產兒的正常的味覺和知覺的發育,而且胃腸道黏膜因刺激減少發生廢用性萎縮,削弱了早產兒的胃腸功能結構完整性,對胃腸道激素的合成分泌、活性都有不利的影響,影響胃腸道的正常發育[11,12]。
本研究通過早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩用于早產兒取得了較好的效果,其中早期口腔運動干預通過對早產兒嘴唇、臉頰、牙齦和舌頭等部位的適當刺激,這不僅可刺激口腔黏膜及肌肉中的感覺神經的末稍,提高肌肉的興奮性緩解其痙攣,有利于口腔肌肉的協調發育,使口咽部肌肉的收縮性、運動強度及定向反射等得以增加,刺激早產兒口腔運動反射的建立和成熟[13,14];還可促進胃泌素、胃動素等內源性胃腸激素的分泌釋放,提高胃腸蠕動的動力;并能誘發正常的吞咽反射建立,提高吞咽與吸吮反射的協調性,有助于早產兒吮吸模式的建立和成熟,使得吸吮動作更有力,有利于每日攝入奶量均衡,從而縮短經口喂養的時間,盡快達完全經口喂養[15-17];同時還可促進早產兒對類乳頭建立條件反射,逐漸建立起吸吮-吞咽-呼吸間的協調式運動,降低經口喂養對早產兒呼吸的影響,有效推動早產兒胃腸功能的發育及成熟,提高喂養的耐受程度,降低喂養不耐受的發生[18,19]。腹部按摩是一種胃腸道機械性刺激方式,通過神經反饋機制刺激胃腸道的迷走神經反射,不僅可增加胃腸道平滑肌的血流量,而且可刺激膈肌發育,增加胃腸壁肌肉張力,促進胃腸壁細胞發育,增強胃腸道的蠕動及促進胃腸道的消化吸收,提高早產兒的食欲,使奶量攝入增加,縮短胃腸道內容物的停留,加快胃腸道的排泄[20,21]。早產兒予以早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩干預可使早產兒盡快具有主動攝入足夠生長發育所需營養的能力,降低喂養期間并發癥的發生,能減少或防止壞死性小腸結腸炎的發生,從而使早產兒早日康復。本研究結果顯示,觀察組早產兒喂養不耐受發生率明顯低于對照組,開始經口喂養時間及完全經口喂養時間明顯短于對照組,且治療2周后,觀察組早產兒臨床總有效率明顯高于對照組。提示早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩用于早產兒的效果明顯優于單純的早期口腔運動干預,可提高喂養效果,減少喂養不耐受的發生,盡早達完全經口喂養。
總之,早期口腔運動干預聯合腹部按摩用于早產兒的臨床效果確切,可提高喂養效果,減少喂養不耐受的發生,盡早達完全經口喂養。早期口腔運動干預與腹部按摩的聯合使用,有利于發揮兩種干預措施在早產兒經口喂養治療中的積極效應,獲得疊加式提升效果,提高經口喂養治療的安全性和有效性。
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(收稿日期:2019-01-22)