Abstracts of Major Articles

The Memory of the “Northern Expedition”and the Communist Party Mobilization During the Anti-Japanese War

（ZHU Fajian；YE Xinming）

The “Northern Expedition”was the product of the first cooperation between the KMT and CCP. The two sides shared common historical memories on the event. During the anti-Japanese war，the CCP made the event an important historical resource for the Party mobilization. They called for the KMT to jointly resist the enemy，coordinate the army and the people，and rebuild the “party-army system”. The historical memory of “splitting”between the KMT and the CCP was employed not only to resist the destruction of national united front，seek cooperation through struggles，but also help establish the CCP image as a faithful guardian of national interests. The memory on the “Three Major Policies”laid the theoretical foundation for the second cooperation between the two sides，gave a heavy blow to those with passive anti-Japanese or active anti-Communist attitudes，and effectively maintained the anti-Japanese national united front.

The Construction and Evolution of Genghis Khan as a Symbol：The Movement of Genghis Khan’s Mausoleum During the Anti-Japanese War

（ZHANG Ruoyu）

After the September 18th Incident，Inner Mongolia from east to west gradually fell to the Japanese hand. In response to the situation，the Nanjing government changed the symbol of Genghis Khan，who was first constructed as the heroic ancestor of Mongols. After the war fully broke out，uniting all ethnic groups to resist Japan became the expectation from both KMT and CCP. It was necessary to establish a different image of Genghis Khan to unite the Mongols to resist Japan. To avoid the destruction of Genghis Khan’s mausoleum by Japanese invaders，the KMT，CCP and various ethnic groups fully cooperated to move the mausoleum westward in 1939. Afterwards，the KMT and CCP continued to hold Genghis Khan’s sacrificial ceremonies and ceremonial performances in various forms，and made Genghis Khan a “Chinese National Hero”. On the one hand，the KMT and CCP popularized the Chinese nationalism among the Mongol people.On the other hand，they kept on political competitions to win over the Mongolian support.

Wars over Memory and Wars in Memory：Recalls and Narratives of the Mid-20th Century China

（TANG Xiaobing）

Revolutions and wars in mid-20th century China exerted a far-reaching influence on the historical trajectory and social development of China ever since. It overwhelmingly affected the spiritual world of both elites and the ordinary people whose memories and historical writings triggered the “Conflict of the Gods”in historical studies. How to memorize，interpret and reconstruct the historical experiences from 1945 to 1949 is pivotal in understanding the divergent opinions of contemporary Chinese people. Thus，tracing back to explore the truth and reaching agreement should be historians’major concern and will contribute to the public culture and historical memory.

Memory and Writing：Nanjing Massacre in Chinese Textbooks（1938—2014）

（ZHANG Guosong）

Textbook is an important medium for shaping and inheriting historical memory. The Nanjing Massacre was written into Chinese textbooks shortly after it occurred and continued to exist as a symbol of Japanese brutality. In the past 80 years，the Nanjing Massacre in Chinese textbooks of different periods changed greatly in terms of the war mobilization，the trial of Japanese war criminals，the exposure of negative resistance of the KMT，the criticisms on the Japanese right-wing denial of the massacre，and the National Memorial Day. It does not mean that the fact of Nanjing Massacre changed，but that people’s cognition of the massacre keeps deepening in different contexts. Strengthening the awareness of a human community with a shared future，building up a correct conception of history and world view，are the missions of Nanjing Massacre writings in Chinese textbooks for the new era.

Reflection on the Studies of Mother in Modern China

（WANG Ruoying）

Since the studies on Chinese women’s history started，some have focused on the questions of mother in modern China. The studies on mother reflected the transition from tradition to modernity. Currently，the mother question deals with women’s education，birth and parenting，state intervention，and cultural construction. But there are no specialized researches on mothers as direct subjects. The existing scholarship is in scattered condition and contains many problems in terms of ideology，theory and method. The studies on mother in modern China needs further investigation.

“To Recreate the Body and Mind”：China Traveler and the Urban Middle Class Writings on Leisured Journey in the Republican Period

（ZHOU Bo；HAN Binna）

China Traveler is the first travel magazine in modern China. This paper focuses on the domestic travels published on China Traveler from 1927 to 1936. It analyzes the travel motivation of the authors to understand the life style and the mentality of the urban intellectual group of this period. For them，leisure travel was not only a passive escape from the noisy urban environment，but also a positive activity to seek physical and mental pleasure. Sometimes the two effects counteracted each other，but overall，leisured travel helped“recreate the body and mind”.

The Base，Effect and Experience of the Mobilization of Children’s Leagues by the Chinese Communist Party During the Anti-Japanese War

（FENG Bing；LUO Qingqing）

During the anti-Japanese war，based on the previous political mobilization experience，the Chinese Communist Party created a unique way to mobilize the Children’s Leagues. Political mobilized Children’s Leagues carried out anti-Japanese national salvation propaganda，conveyed greetings to soldiers，supported the war front and conducted other series of activities，which showed that children did their part for the war and expressed their patriotic feelings. The actions of Children’s Leagues effectively inspired the whole nation’s courage. The political propaganda and ideological mobilization carried out by the CCP not only created the ideological foundation for the victory of the anti-Japanese war，but also raised the Party’s prestige among the masses.

Medical Treatment，Training and Enlistment：The Reasons of the Military Incapacity of the Nationalist Army During the Anti-Japanese War

（ZHUANG Hehao）

Although the performance of the nationalist army in the front battlefield during the anti-Japanese war had merits，it was disappointing most of the time. Certainly，there were clear gaps in the overall national and military strength between China and Japan，but subjectively，the nationalist government had critical constraints that could not be ignored. The health conditions of officers and soldiers，the logistic service，the quality of military training，or the public recruitment in the Kuomintang controlled areas，all reflected the asymmetry and even obvious deviation of information on national，military，civil situations that the nationalist government and the decision-makers should have grasped in the preparation stage and during the war.Likewise，the proposition and implementation of the lasting strategy by the nationalist government had the same problem.

The Nanyang Research Institute and Its Nanyang Research（1942—1945）

（YU Yanliang）

The government of the Republic of China established the Nanyang Institute in 1942 as a response to the Japanese propaganda toward the overseas Chinese in Nanyang （Southeast Asia），and as an information provider to decision-makers of the Nationalist government. The institute formulated a large program，but the final research results were not good due to the factors such as appointing people by favouritism，sharp internal contradictions，and limited research conditions. It was dissolved three years later. The institute published two issues of the New Nanyang Quarterly，which included papers on the theoretical approach to Nanyang research，an introduction to the history and geography of Southeast Asia，ethnic studies，studies on overseas Chinese，and economic studies. It popularized the Southeast Asian knowledge，enhanced the Nanyang research，and played an active role in exposing the plans and actions of Japanese invasion in this area.

“Appraisal”：The Structural Paradigm of Ancient Chinese Painting

（YANG Liping）

“Appraisal”is a more complicated structural paradigm of ancient Chinese painting. At the stylistic level，the aesthetics of “Appraisal”is biased towards the conclusion of taste in the factual dimension. At the phenomenal level，the aesthetics of “Appraisal”is biased towards the conclusion of quality in the spiritual dimension. At the hierarchical level，the aesthetics of“Appraisal”is biased towards Character conclusion on the value dimension. The structural paradigm of Chinese ancient painting appraisal is always in the“displacement”and constant “turning”. This article uses a structuralist methodology to explore the problem of“Appraisal”in ancient Chinese painting，and analyzes the causes behind different evaluation standards and its influence on painting style.

The Reaction of the US Embassy in Japan to Kim Il Sung’s Visit to China in 1975

（DENG Feng）

The Korean Peninsula is of great significance to the national security of Japan. In April 1975，on the occasion of the rapid development of the Indochina Revolution，Kim Il Sung led a Korean party and government delegation to visit China. This had aroused great concern on the Japanese side. The Japanese were mainly worried that if the policy of peaceful reunification of the Korean peninsula changes，it was bound to have a significant impact on Japan’s national security. As an ally of Japan，the United States also attached great importance to changes in the situation on the Korean Peninsula，which was related to Japan’s security. The US Embassy in Tokyo commented on Japan’s understanding of Kim Il Sung’s visit to China，while Ambassador Hodgson paid close attention to Japan’s search for details of the visit. In addition，the US Embassy in Japan also collected information about Kim’s visit from third-party diplomatic agencies. On the basis of obtaining a large amount of information，the evaluation of the US Embassy in Japan provided an important reference for the Ford administration to judge the situation on the Korean Peninsula，and provided a more sufficient basis for the United States to maintain the status quo of its policy toward the Korean Peninsula.

The Activities and Influences of the Sierra Club in the Echo Park Campaign

（ZHANG Wenjing）

In the mid-1950s，the United States broke out the first environmental conflict after the war. Numerous environmental groups and environmentalists opposed the Bureau of Reclamation to build a dam near the Echo Park of the Dinosaur National Monument，and the Sierra Club was actively involved into the campaign.The Sierra Club questioned the evaporation data and dam planning given by the Bureau of Reclamation，suggested it replace the Echo Park Dam with alternatives，and publicized the beautiful scenery of the Echo Park. It called on people to protect the western wilderness and finally achieved the first victory of the post-war environmental protection movement. By opposing the Echo Park dam construction，the Sierra Club protected the national park and the western wilderness，and empowered environmental protection organizations to play a greater role in the post-war U.S. environmental movement.

“Global Mass Consumption”During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries as Seen through “A Cup of Intercontinental Tea”

（HOANG Anh Tuan）

The global mass consumption in Europe began in the early eighteenth century when tea，coffee，and sugar were increasingly imported into Holland and England whence they were redistributed to different consumption markets in Western Europe. The fact that the sale price of tea and coffee rapidly fell throughout the eighteenth century enabled common people to consume these products. Consequently，by the second quarter of the 1700s，tea and coffee，together with cacao，had well become the popular drinks for the Europeans，especially among the urban communities. It was figuratively said that，when a Manchester worker in the late eighteenth century enjoyed a cup of tea，he gained the synthetic energy extracted from the four continents，as “a cup of intercontinental tea”consisted of tea from China or Ceylon，cup from Delft in Holland or England，and American sugar produced by the African slaves. The popularization of these drinks then contributed in one way or another to the industrial revolution in late eighteenth century Europe as calories from sugar and caffeine from tea or coffee provided workers with energy and vigor which were of necessity for their long working day.

The Women Program of the U.S. Information Agency

（ZHAO Jike）

At the end of the 1950s，after several investigations，the U.S. Information Agency decided to launch the Women Program in order to win over women’s support internationally during the cold war. However，after some tries and adjustments，this program finally failed due to many restrictions and disturbances.

An Analysis on the Medical Practices and Scientific Investigations of German Military Doctors in Qingdao and Its Hinterland（1897—1914）

（YUAN Weiman）

At the beginning of the occupation of Jiaozhou by Germany，the health of garrison soldiers was constantly threatened by infectious diseases. The government of Jiaozhou Leasehold took a series of measures.German military doctors played an important role in the development and implementation of these measures.They not only carried out medical practices，but also engaged in related scientific researches. These medical activities improved the health of soldiers，enriched the medical researches of the German academia；and made it possible to connect German colonists and local Chinese residents. In the process of the interaction，the Chinese and western medical cultures collided：on the one hand，the attitude of local Chinese residents toward the western medical system changed，though the traditional Chinese medicine still dominated in the local Chinese life；on the other hand，German military doctors observed the local medical treatment and spread the information to the German society.

The Historical Changes of the Ukrainian Ethnic Groups and the Causes of Ethnic Conflicts——A Case of the Odessa Issue

（GOU Liwu）

Since the independence of Ukraine，ethnic conflicts and separations have increased. By studying the historical changes of ethnic groups in Odessa，a place with the most complicated ethnic structures，and analyzing the current ethnic structure，this paper argues that the causes of ethnic conflicts in the Odessa region are both historical and contemporary. The historical influence of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union on Odessa still exists today；and the long-term economic recession and the failure of governance in Ukraine have caused the minority groups to become dissatisfied with the Ukrainian government. In such a context，any turmoil may fuel ethnic conflicts.

Korean Soldiers in the Japanese Army on the Battlefield of China During the Second Sino-Japanese War

（SHEN Jiaying）

From the “Army Special Volunteer”law in April 1938 to the end of World War II，more than one hundred thousand Koreans joined the Japanese army. Nearly thirty thousand of them participated in the anti-Japanese war. These Koreans had various motives to become soldiers，but they generally suffered discrimination in the Japanese troops. The media of the time paid close attention to the Koreans in the Japanese army. But many wartime reports demonstrated that a large number of Chinese people had little knowledge of these Koreans soldiers. Some misunderstandings remained unchanged up to the present day.

“Rod and Ring”：Symbols of Kingship on the Hammurabi Stele

（OUYANG Xiaoli）

On the famous Hammurabi Stele，the sun-god Shamash sits on the throne and holds the so-called rod and ring in his outstretched right hand，while king Hammurabi stands up facing him. Chinese textbooks usually describe the rod and ring as symbols of kingship in Mesopotamia. But at their first appearance，the two objects assumed the shape of measurement tools in the late third millennium BCE. During the reign of Hammurabi （c. 1792-1750 BCE），they began to be associated with the sun-god who was in charge of justice. Only after c. 1000 BCE did the rod and ring become general symbols of kingship in Mesopotamia.