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選擇性剪接多聚嘧啶結合蛋白及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關性的研究進展

2019-12-09 02:00:33王娟龍喜帶
右江醫學 2019年10期

王娟 龍喜帶

[專家介紹]龍喜帶,醫學博士、教授、博/碩士研究生導師,國際UPTODTAE臨床顧問翻譯指導專家、廣西特聘專家、廣西高校卓越學者、廣西新世紀人才工程第二層次人選、上海市曙光學者、湖北省光谷高科技園區光谷學者,是中國抗癌協會腫瘤病理學專業委員會青年委員、廣西抗癌協會腫瘤病理學專業委員會副主任委員。主要研究方向為肝癌的分子流行病學、臨床病理學與發病學,作為項目負責人共獲國家自然科學基金資助項目4項(含面上項目2項)和廣西自然科學基金4項(含重點項目和創新團隊項目各1項),在Nature Genetics、Cancer Cell、Hepatology、Epidemiology等國際知名雜志發表論著26篇,出版醫學專著12部,以第一完成人獲得國家教育部國務院學位辦博士生學術新人獎 1項和廣西自然科學獎二等獎2項,是Hepatology、Journal of Hepatology等雜志的通訊評委。

【摘要】?選擇性剪接 (alternative splicing) 是指一個前體mRNA通過選擇不同的剪接位點產生多個可編碼功能相似或相反的mRNA剪接異構體的過程。多聚嘧啶結合蛋白(polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是一種剪接調控因子,通過結合新生mRNA而抑制剪接發生。有關研究提示PTB及其同源蛋白剪接調控功能出現異常時可以導致腫瘤的發生。綜述PTB及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關性的研究進展,有可能為腫瘤治療提供新的選擇,為未來靶點治療提供新的思路。

【關鍵詞】?多聚嘧啶結合蛋白;同源蛋白;選擇性剪接;惡性腫瘤

中圖分類號:R73?文獻標志碼:A?DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-1383.2019.10.002

Research progress of relationship between alternative splicing PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors

WANG Juan1,LONG Xidai1,2

(1.Department of Pathology,Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities,Baise 533000,China;2.Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,Renji Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine of Shanghai Jiaotong University,Shanghai 200127,China)

【Abstract】 Alternative splicing is a process that the pre-mRNA selects different splice sites to produce multiple mRNA splicing isomers with similar or opposite coding functions.Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein(PTB) is a splicing regulator that inhibits splicing by binding to nascent mRNA.Studies suggest that abnormalities in the splicing regulatory function of PTB and its homologous proteins can lead to tumorigenesis.This article reviews the research progress of the correlation between PTB and its homologous proteins and malignant tumors,which may provide new options for tumor treatment and new ideas for target therapy in the future.

【Key words】?PTB;homologous protein;alternative splicing;malignant tumor

多聚嘧啶結合蛋白(Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein,PTB)是選擇性剪接因子中的一種重要蛋白,通過結合新生mRNA而抑制剪接的發生。人類90%以上基因存在選擇性剪接現象,且多種腫瘤的發生涉及選擇性剪接的異常[1~2]。目前,PTB依然是該研究領域有待深入研究的重大科學問題。現就PTB及其同源蛋白與惡性腫瘤相關性的研究進展進行綜述。

1?PTB及同源蛋白的結構及功能

1.1?PTBP1蛋白的結構及功能

PTB亦稱為PTBP1,是非單一核糖核蛋白家族中的一員,廣泛表達于表皮皮區、中間中胚層、側板中胚層和神經嵴[3]。PTBP1是該家族研究最多的一種RNA結合蛋白,參與基因表達的轉錄調控過程,控制RNA的關鍵因素代謝。PTBP1的功能主要體現在兩個方面:一是增強miR-101引導的AGO2定位于MCL1并促進miR-101誘導的細胞凋亡[4];二是調控PKM1和PKM2的表達量,最終導致腫瘤細胞的快速增殖[5]。

1.2?PTBP2蛋白的結構及功能

多聚嘧啶結合蛋白2(PTBP2)稱nPTB,是一種剪接因子,表達僅限于包括神經系統在內的神經系統大腦。神經視網膜和脊髓以及中間中胚層。軸突發生是由神經元特異性選擇性剪接編程和剪接調節器來調節PTBP2[6],當大腦中缺失PTBP2時會導致外顯子介導過早地終止密碼子,從而產生沒有意義的mRNA[7],此缺失現象對神經發育有著重要的影響。Zagore等[8]發現PTBP2選擇性剪接調控在生殖細胞發展中同樣有著重要作用,在精子形成的過程中大量表達。

1.3?PTBP3蛋白的結構及功能

PTBP3是選擇性剪接調控蛋白hnRNP家族中的一員,定位于染色體9,其編碼的蛋白是一種RNA結合蛋白以及剪接負調控因子,具有抑制選擇性剪接的功能,存在于造血細胞、腦、肺等多種細胞中。Yamamoto等[9]在大鼠的造血細胞中發現PTBP3過表達能阻滯佛波醇酯和丁酸鈉對K562白血病細胞的誘導分化作用,但不影響其增殖,所以認為PTBP3可能是一種細胞分化相關的調節蛋白,故將其命名為分化調節因子ROD1。PTBP3與PTBP1在細胞核中有著調節mRNA選擇性剪接的作用,然而在細胞質中PTBP3對mRNA的穩定、翻譯比PTBP1更為重要[10~11]。PTBP3可與線粒體中的tR-NA(Thr)相互作用[12],并通過調節PTBP1的表達影響Bcl-x的選擇性剪接[13]。迄今為止,PTBP3是選擇性剪接調控蛋白hnRNP家族中一個研究相對較少的成員,其分子學功能和生物學作用未受到學者的足夠重視。

2?PTB與惡性腫瘤的關系

2.1?PTBP1與腫瘤的關系

PTBP1在結腸癌癌組織中的表達高于癌旁組織中的表達,且PTBP1與結腸癌周圍有無淋巴結轉移、臨床分期和預后相關[14]。PTBP1相關的microRNA-1和-133b可以抑制Warburg對結直腸腫瘤的影響[15]。與正常乳腺組織相比較,PTBP1在乳腺癌組織中表達上調,與Her-2的表達、淋巴結轉移密切相關;在體外乳腺癌細胞體系也得到同樣的結果[16]。與正常腎組織相比較,PTBP1在RCC組織中過表達,進一步發現PTBP1表達與患者預后呈負相關且與腫瘤大小、TNM分期和淋巴結轉移呈正相關[17]。神經母細胞瘤(NBL)高表達的PTBP1患者生存率明顯低下,沉默PTBP1的表達可抑制神經母細胞瘤細胞的增殖[18]。PTBP1促進致癌剪接變體的表達可預測非肌層浸潤性膀胱癌患者預后不良[19]。PTBP1過表達可促進肺癌細胞的轉移和侵襲能力[20]。PTBP1過表達不僅能夠促進卵巢癌細胞的增殖,而且能增強癌細胞的侵襲能力[21]。新型的IC-47和伊馬替尼結合在治療慢性粒細胞白血病后PTBP1的表達下調[22]。DR-PDAC細胞能沉默PTBPl的表達從而降低PKMpre-mRNA[23]。PTBPl通過MEIS2和PKM的可變剪接促進膀胱癌的淋巴結轉移和增殖[24]。

2.2?PTBP2與腫瘤的關系

Agatheeswaran等[25]發現BCR-ABL抑制miR-223的表達導致慢性粒細胞白血病中MEF2C和PTBP2的激活。Ji等[26]發現長非編碼RNA MALAT1通過與SFPQ結合并從SFPQ/PTBP2復合物中釋放致癌基因PTBP2,促進結直腸癌的腫瘤生長和轉移。Guo等[27]發現PTBP1和PTBP2受損SRSF3在癌癥中的自動調節細胞。Fang等[28]發現促進SFPQ/PTBP2的復合,可抑制骨肉瘤(OS)細胞mg-63的增殖和入侵。

2.3?PTBP3與腫瘤的關系

Zhang等[29]提出miR-210通過靶向ROD1調節膠質母細胞瘤中細胞的增殖和凋亡。PTBP3可促進人胃癌細胞的增殖并抑制其分化[30~31]。PTBP3通過調節HCC中剪接變體(NEAT1-1,NEAT1-2和miR-612)的平衡來促進HCC細胞的惡性生長和轉移[32]。Hou等[33]發現PTBP3介導ZEB1的乳腺癌細胞的上皮-間質轉化(EMT)并促進其侵襲性生長和轉移,結果表明PTBP3的表達與淋巴結轉移、晚期組織學分級、TNM分期和患者的5年總體生存率差異顯著相關。此外,研究還發現PTBP3與前列腺癌的發生相關[34]。

3?小結與展望

目前對PTB及其同源蛋白的研究成果還不能揭示其全部功能,其深入的機制仍然不清楚,相關的分子機制有待進一步研究。隨著癌癥患病率的升高和預后效果不理想,對PTB的研究應該擴大到腫瘤的發病機制、腫瘤靶向治療及免疫治療上。因此,PTB及其同源蛋白將是一個具有潛在應用價值的腫瘤標志物,為腫瘤治療提供新的選擇,為未來靶點治療提供新的思路。

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(收稿日期:2019-02-26?修回日期:2019-03-24)

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