國家公園與風景園林

2013年11月，中共十八屆三中全會提出“建立國家公園體制”； 2015年5月，國家發展改革委會同13個部門出臺《建立國家公園體制試點方案》，開始推進在中國9省市進行國家公園體制試點； 2017年9月，中共中央辦公廳、國務院辦公廳發布《建立國家公園體制總體方案》；2017年10月，黨的十九大報告進一步提出“建立以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系”的戰略要求；2018年3月，國務院機構改革方案大舉推進，組建國家林業和草原局，加掛國家公園管理局牌子，負責監督管理以國家公園為主體的各類自然保護地，各方翹首以盼的“由一個部門統一管理各種類型自然保護地”的局面初見端倪。

一系列圍繞國家公園的戰略布局、制度設計和改革措施，在短短幾年的時間內出臺、落地和推進，國家公園體制建設成為中國生態文明建設中推進最快的一項制度。同時，值得關注的是，建立國家公園體制是一項綜合性的改革舉措，理學、工學、農學、法學、經濟學、歷史學、管理學、教育學等學科門類均有涉及；從生態保護與修復等技術性問題到生態搬遷、精準扶貧等社會性問題，從政府治理到公眾參與等機制性問題，社會政治經濟生活的方方面面都已經納入國家公園體制研究視野。

我們十分欣喜地看到，在這場變革中，風景園林學的學者正在發揮重要作用。世界范圍來看，很少有哪個國家的風景園林師能如此全面而深入地參與國家公園建設，中國風景園林研究者和工作者的擔當與勇氣、洞見和積累無疑已經成為中國國家公園體制乃至生態文明建設中的擲地金聲。

這不僅是因為在風景園林學科發展中，風景名勝區研究一直是學科的核心內容之一，風景名勝區是我們不斷汲取中國傳統文化精髓的寶藏，也讓風景園林學科與自然保護地產生了天然的聯系；還因為這場關乎中國生態安全、文化自信和人民福祉的改革，既需要有頂層設計的宏觀策略，也需要有尋幽探微的審慎分析，風景園林人應有的思維廣度與深度契合了歷史的需要。更為重要的是，風景園林學科應該在各個尺度與層面，運用各種能力和手段解決生態環境問題，謀劃人們美好生活和傳承創新優秀文化，這需要高掌遠跖的目標，需要腳踏實地的行動，國家公園體制建設之初心正在于此。

本期專題文章，既有全球尺度的高瞻遠矚，也有國家公園案例的析毫剖厘，既有技術層面的鉤深索隱，也不乏政策解析的鞭辟入里。希望作者的殫精竭慮能引發更多讀者的關注和興趣，希望風景園林學能夠在這個充滿機遇與挑戰的時代貢獻更多智慧。

本期專題組稿人：趙智聰

2019年3月29日

PREFACE

Landscape Architecture and National Parks

The Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth CPC Central Committee in November 2013 required “establishing the national park system”. In May 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission along with 13 ministerial departments issued the Pilot Program for Establishing National Park System to exercise the national park system in 9 provinces and municipalities. In September 2017, the General Office of the CPC Central Committee and the State Office of the State Council jointly issued the Overall Plan for Establishing National Park System. In October 2017, the report of the nineteenth CPC National Congress further put forward the strategic requirement of “establishing the protected area for nature system based on national parks”. In March 2018, the State Council conducted a major institutional reform to establish the State Forestry and Grassland Administration, additionally executing as the National Park Administration Agency, to supervise and manage all types of natural protected areas with the national parks as the main component, indicating the goal of “one ministerial department responsible for the unified administration of various types of protected areas” is expected to be realized soon.

The promulgation, execution and supervision of the serial strategic layouts, institutional design and reform measures centering around national parks have happened within just years makes the national park construction the most quickly executed administration system of the Chinese ecological civilization construction. In the meantime, it is worth noting that the establishment of national park system is a multi-discipline integral reform measure involving science, engineering, agronomy, law, economics, history, management and education etc. Diverse aspects ranging from technical issues of ecological conservation and restoration to social issues of ecological resettlement, targeted poverty alleviation, to governance mechanism of government administration and public participation, and to sociopolitical and socioeconomic life have been incorporated into the national park system research.

We are very pleased to witness the important role play of landscape architecture scholars in the above reform process. From the global perspective, landscape architects in few countries have managed to participate in the construction of national parks in such a comprehensive and in-depth manner. The accountability and courage, insight and accumulation of Chinese landscape architects,researchers and workers have undoubtedly uttered their “sound of gold” in course of the construction of Chinese national park system and ecological civilization.

It is so not only because the study of Scenic and Historical Areas has always been one core component of the discipline of landscape architecture in its development. They are both treasures that concentrate continuously the essence of Chinese traditional culture and natural linkages between the landscape architecture and protected areas. Moreover, this reform is related to China’s ecological security, cultural self-confidence and the people’s well-being, requiring both macro strategy from top-level design and prudent analytical exploration of micro details. The cognitional width and depth of landscape architects has coincided with the demand of history.More importantly, the landscape architecture discipline should utilize its diversified strengths and methods to solve the ecological and environmental problems existent at different dimensions and levels to scheming people’s well-being and promoting culture inheritance and innovation. This requires both courageous grand goals and down-to-earth actions and is the original intention of constructing the national park system.

This articles of this issue includes both far-sighted visions from global scale and delicate case studies of specific national parks, both intricate technical explorations and penetrating policy analysis. Hope these contributions deserve attention and interest from more readers,and also hope that landscape architecture can devote more wisdom in the era full of opportunities and challenges.

Translator: WANG Xiyue

Acquiring Editor of the current issue: Zhao Zhicong

March 29th, 2019