“細微”之處易得分

楊定生

英語中的分句，是指主從復合句，也就是指名詞性從句、形容詞性從句和副詞性從句三大類型的從句。主從復合句各自的構成和用法，教材教輔中都有，本文不作贅述。本文僅就各類型分句在實際運用中常見的細小問題，做一次歸納，但愿本文能對今后將要參加高考的學子們有所幫助。

I. 分句運用中的若干細節

一、名詞性從句 （主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句）

1.

名詞性從句通常為陳述句語序。

2. 名詞性從句的引導詞that， 無詞意，也無語法功能，但有時卻不能省略，如主語從句或賓語從句置于句首時;

當一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上的并列的賓語從句時， 第二個that不能省略。

3. 引導名詞性從句表示疑問時，常用whether不用if

（賓語從句有時可例外）。 whether引導名詞性從句時可以和or not 連用，而if則不能。

The question is whether

they can work out the difficult math problem.

Whether she comes or not

makes no difference.

4. what引導名詞性從句，其意要視上下文而定。

What she said at

the meeting surprised us greatly.

She is not what she was 5 years

ago.

This is what they call Salt Lake City.

Our income now is

double what it was ten years ago.

I have no idea what we should do

next.

（一）主語從句

1.

what引導主語從句，在從句中作主語或賓語，而that引導主語從句時，不作句子成分，也沒有任何含義，僅起連接作用但又不可省略，該句句意完整。

What really interested the children was how to use the computer.

What he

said surprised all of us.

That he is famous as an English teacher is

well known.

2. who可以引導主語從句，但往往具有疑問的意義;而whoever則沒有疑問的意義，相當于anyone

who。

Who will give us a speech is unknown now.

Whoever leaves

the room last should lock the door.

3.

由于主語從句放在句首，句子常顯得笨重，因此常使用it作形式主語，然后把主語從句移至句子后面。

It is known to us how he

became a writer.

It is a pity that you didnt come to Marys party last

night.

（二）賓語從句

1. 當主語是第一人稱I / we

時，謂語動詞think，believe，suppose，expect，guess等后面賓語從句中的否定詞要轉移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。

I dont believe he will come.

We dont think you are here.

注意：若謂語動詞為hope，賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。如：I hope you werent ill.

2. 特殊疑問句由“特殊疑問詞+

do you think （believe / expect / suppose / say等） + 陳述句語序”構成。

Mum is

coming. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday？

3.

如果在動詞find， feel， think， make等后的賓語從句后有賓語補語時， 則可用it 作形式賓語，然后將用做賓語的從句后置。

We

must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.

Some

students just take it for granted that theyll pass the exams.

4.

whatever 等引導賓語從句，也可引導狀語從句，而no matter what只能引導狀語從句。

I believe whatever he

says. （賓語從句）

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

①

在非限制性定語從句中，只能用which指代物，用who / whom指人。

He has a son， who has gone abroad

for further study.

② 在由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的定語從句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。

I

like the person to whom the teacher is talking.

③ 先行詞本身是that時，關系詞用which，

先行詞為those， one， he時（指人時）用who。

Those who respect others are usually

respected by others.

特別提醒：

先行詞為situation， case，point， stage，activity，age等，意指某人或某事所處的“某種情景或狀態”，或指某事所發展或達到的“某種地步或程度”;他們都是指“在這種情景、狀態下”

或“在某個時間”，因此，需用where， when等關系副詞來引導定語從句。

The accident had reached to a

point where both their parents are to be called in.

We have entered into

an age when dreams have the best chance of coming true.

三、狀語從句

（一）讓步狀語從句

1. “疑問詞+ever”或“no matter+疑問詞”表示“不管……”的含義，引導讓步狀語從句。

However （= No matter how） much I tried， I failed to work out the maths

problem.

Whatever （=No matter what） you say， I will not change my

mind.

Whenever （=No matter when） you come， you will be warmly

welcomed.

Wherever （=No matter where） you go， you will find the same

thing.

Whoever （=No matter who） you are， you have no right to do such a

thing.

2. “whether... or...” 可以引導含選擇范圍的讓步狀語從句，意為“不管……”。

I shall

go， whether you come with me or stay at home.

Whether she wins or loses，

this is her last chance.

（二）時間狀語從句

表示“一……就……”的句式：

1. hardly / scarcely / rarely... when / before， no sooner... than和as soon

as都可以表示“一……就……”的意思。

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to

rain.

I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.

As soon as

I got home， it began to rain.

注意：如果hardly， scarcely 或no

sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結構。

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to

rain.

No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

2. immediately， directly， instantly， the moment， the instant， the

minute等引導的時間狀語從句，表示“一……就……”。

I will go there directly I have finished my

breakfast.

The moment I heard the news， I hastened to the spot.

3. while 的多用途

① 引導時間狀語從句，從句中的謂語動詞應用延續性動詞或表示狀態的詞。

While the

discussion was still going on， George came in.

Strike while the iron is

hot.

② 引導讓步狀語從句，多用于句首，意為“盡管，雖然”。

While I admit his good points I

can see his bad ones.

③ while作并列連詞用，意思為“而，然而”，表前后意義上的對比或轉折。

Theres plenty of rain in the southeast， while theres little in the

northeast.

（三）方式狀語從句通常由as， （just） as... so...， as if， as

though引導。

1. as， （just） as...so...引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在 （just）

as...so...結構中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是“正如……”，“就像”，多用于正式文體。

Always do to the

others as you would be done by.

As water is to fish， so air is to

man.

Just as we sweep our rooms， so we should sweep backward ideas from

our minds.

2. as if， as though

兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或實現的可能性較大。意為“仿佛……似的”“好像……似的”。

He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）

（四） 結果狀語從句常由so... that 或 such... that引導

so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。 so 還可與表示數量的形容詞many， few， much， little連用，形成固定搭配。such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組， so...

that與such... that之間的轉換即是so與such之間的轉換。

The boy is so young that he cant

go to school.

He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.

II. 分句與分詞（非謂語動詞）間的轉換

一、與動詞不定式間的轉換

1） 名詞性從句與動詞不定式之間的轉換

①

主語從句可轉換成動詞不定式作主語

When and where we will hold the meeting is unknown

yet.

→ When and where to hold the meeting is unknown yet.

②

賓語從句可轉換成不定式作賓語或賓語補足語

I dont know what I can do with the unwelcome

fellow.

→ I dont know what to do with the unwelcome fellow.

③

表語從句可轉換成動詞不定式作表語

My wish is that I can become a pilot after

graduation.

→ My wish is to become a pilot after graduation.

2）

定語從句可轉換成動詞不定式作定語（動作將要發生）

The meeting that / which will be held tomorrow

is of great importance.

→ The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great

importance.

3） 狀語從句可轉換成相應的動詞不定式作目的、結果、原因等狀語

They set out early

in order that（so that）they could arrive in time. （目的）

→ They set out

early in order to（so as to）arrive in time.

She was so excited that she

couldnt go to sleep. （結果）

→ She was so excited as not to sleep.

二、Ving間的轉換

1） 名詞性從句與Ving間的轉換

① 由

that引導的主語從句可轉換成Ving作主語

That the students know English helps them in

learning French.

→ The students knowing English helps them in learning

French.

② 由 that引導的賓語從句可轉換成Ving作賓語或賓語補足語

I remember that I have

paid him for his work.

→ I remember having paid him for his

work.

③ 由that引導的表語從句可轉換成Ving作表語

Our worry is that you depend

too much on him.

→ Our worry is your depending too much on him.

2）從句與分詞之間的轉換

① 由that， who， which引導的定語從句可轉換成分詞作定語。

The man who /

that is talking to my teacher is my father.

→ The man talking to my

teacher is my father.

② 表時間、原因、條件、讓步等的狀語從句可轉換成相應的分詞作狀語。

While

waiting for the bus， I caught sight of her.（時間）

→ While I was waiting

for the bus， I caught sight of her.

As he was educated by the Party， he

became a great fighter. （原因）

→ Educated by the Party， he became a great

fighter.

If we had been given enough time， we could have done it better.

（條件）

→ Given enough time， we could have done it better.

③

某些動詞后賓語從句可轉換成分詞作賓語補足語。

I found that he was waiting for a bus at the

station.

→ I found him waiting for a bus at the station.

④

當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語一致時，從句可以將主語和be動詞簡化掉。

常用：連詞 + 形容詞 / ving / ved / to do

/名詞/介詞短語

Work hard when （you are） young， or youll regret.

Although （he was） a farmer， now he is a famous director.

Although （he

is） doing his best in maths these days， he has still got no good marks.

He wont go there with us unless （he is） invited.

He stood up as if （he

were） to say something.

She looked anxious as though （she was） in

trouble.

注意：當狀語從句主語和主句主語不一致時， 從句部分常用獨立主格結構來表達。

When the shower

was over， we continued our journey.

→ The shower being over， we

continued our journey.

If all things are considered， her paper is better

than yours.

→ All things considered， her paper is better than

yours.

⑤ 表示伴隨狀態的獨立主格結構可轉換為并列句或兩個獨立的句子。

He went to the front

door， his students following him.

→ He went to the front door， and his students followed him.