2016里約奧運會奧運村公園

布雷·馬克斯景觀設計事務所

2016里約熱內盧奧運村公園坐落于巴西里約熱內盧市西部的巴拉達蒂茹卡地區，占地面積超過80萬m2。在這里，佩德拉布蘭卡國家公園（Pedra Branca State Park）中重要的大西洋森林植被保護區，與沼澤、淺灘等多樣的自然環境類型，坎塔加盧、阿莫林和歐泰魯山脈（Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills）以及塔比烏斯（Tabebuias）環境保護區共同構成了當地獨特的景觀風貌。

布雷·馬克斯（Burle Marx）景觀設計事務所對占地面積約7.2萬m2的2016里約熱內盧奧運村公園進行設計開發，并計劃將其打造為大型的公共公園，成為奧運會舉辦期間奧運村的中心地帶。奧運會閉幕后，這個公園將會向公眾開放，并成為伊拉普拉（Ilha Pura）私人公寓標志性的景觀元素。

從20世紀80年代至今，連續不斷的垃圾填埋形成的地形幾乎沒有變化。所以在這層意義上，考慮到周邊建筑的高程需求（首層地面比公園中心區域高出3m左右）與公園大尺度的地形，我們認為通過塑造豐富的豎向變化來為使用者提供更多元化的空間是很重要的。設計概念還提出要形成具有顯著特征的環境和空間，而這些特征只能通過步行或對公園的使用來感知。

園路，生活區，被大面積的種植池和草坪包圍、天然沙礫石鋪裝的活動區，一條漫步道，一條長約1 500m的透水鋪裝自行車道，以上這些元素共同組成了公園的景觀結構。值得一提的是，這里還有足球場、網球場、籃球場、排球場等各種運動場所。

在主要的步行路徑上，我們布設了不同的空間和設施，來強調水域總面積約8 500m2的9個湖泊和水塘。

1 公園總平面圖Park master plan

由于其中心地帶的長度為1 400m，而寬度從50m到115m不等，這種場地的形狀構造導致我們將大多數運動場以及主要的湖面都設計在地形的中心部分。

主湖是設計中著重表達的一個景觀要素，它魅力十足的噴泉系統，配合著燈光和音效，使得這里在晚上成為一個獨特的觀賞點。我們在湖中還規劃了一個冥想島嶼，布置有休息區和木質花架，便于游客觀賞周圍美麗的湖泊。我們也為其他的湖泊設計了景觀點，如水花園和噴水裝置等等。湖泊有2種不同的邊緣——上升式和下降式，上升式的邊緣可以作為連續的長凳使用。

在公園的兩端，我們設計了2個入口廣場，鋪裝的設計既標示著主要的出入口，也將公園和周圍的街區連接起來。

此外，游客也可通過公園周邊的7座公寓，或者連接其他街區和公園的6座附屬建筑，直接進入公園區域。

值得注意的是，除了可以通行之外，上述附屬建筑中的4棟是由2座鋼—木結構（由耐候鋼與森林管理委員會認證的木材搭建）橋梁相互連通的。

整個公園中規劃了6個休閑區，其中布置有特別設計的現代的設施：線形游樂裝置、再生橡膠鋪裝的彩色小丘和設有噴水裝置的游戲場。

我們利用地形設計創造出空間，也精心設計了其他有木平臺的休息區域，為人們提供野餐與沉思。

2 從公寓俯瞰公園中心區域（種植前期）Central area of the Park view from the apartment (early planting stage)

3 主水池和休息平臺Main water pond and resting decks

公園圖景——植被結構

我們綜合考慮了道路、湖泊、生活區、花池等物理構成，成組團的種植同一品種而大小特征各異的灌木、樹叢、棕櫚，形成整體的植被結構。在指導性的規劃概念中，我們強調了在整個公園中提供遮陰區域的設計意圖。

我們也同樣強調了要通過豐富的鄉土植物或花葉茂密的果樹的種植，及其他潛在的環境因素的利用，恢復場地生態環境。

規劃中也涵蓋了植物種類的多樣性的提升，以吸引當地以多種桃金娘科、棕櫚科等植物為食源的動物。

我們選擇的植物種類包括阿薩伊巴西莓（Euterpe oleracea）、阿羅伊拉巴西乳香（Schinus terebinthifolius）、皮坦加紅果仔（Eugenia unif l ora）、格魯米可薩瑪巴西櫻桃（Eugenia brasiliensis）、巴卡帕里藤黃（Garcinia gardneriana）、嘉寶果（Myrciaria caulif l ora）、酸角（Tamarindus indica）、阿莫拉黑桑（Morus nigra）。

城市和公園中不常用的觀賞樹種，如貝葉棕（Corypha umbraculifera）、曲葉矛櫚（Mauritia flexuosa）、樹形奇特的棕櫚、華貴瓔珞木（Amherstia nobilis）等的使用，使奧運村公園成為一個植被景觀多樣和體驗豐富的區域。

植物的配置不僅利用了不同物種之間的組合和聯系，也突出了顏色、質感和體量的對比。隨著人們的進一步行走、觀賞與感知，植物景觀與新建的地形相結合，一起塑造了公園豐富的環境體驗，形成了持久而可供沉思的空間。

我們在2個入口廣場附近，以及步行道、自行車道與天然沙礫土路的沿途，都設計了一些觀賞地被花卉的花池。為了降低植物的養護需求，設計對植物品種的選用都經過了細致的分析。

我們最終在這個項目中使用了200種植物，按類別可分為喬木、棕櫚、灌木、草本、水生植物。并對適宜淺灘與大西洋森林生態系統（Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems）的鄉土物種進行了著重選取。

4 從北橋/南橋是所看到的公園景觀Park view of North/South Bridge

可持續性

最終的設計成果綜合考慮了造型、功能和技術，結合了創新的城市設施和家具，同時也持續關注著對環境實踐的可持續發展。該設計理念旨在為人類提供一種更通用的方式強化人類與自然的聯系，并且強調在大型城市中心創造和保護綠色空間的重要性。

2016里約熱內盧奧運村公園的整體設計均注重了可持續發展。

我們始終關注著項目中低熱系數和回收利用的材料（如游樂場中的耐候鋼和橡膠地板）的使用、硬質鋪裝面積的減少、排水鋪裝材料的選擇以及森林管理委員會對項目執行的認證。

為了避免水資源浪費，項目選擇了灌溉需求較低的鄉土適生物種。此外，公園也有自己的灌溉系統，可以通過中水的再利用進行花園的澆灌。這些都是獲得水封認證（Aqua Seal Certification）的決定性因素。

同時，為了減少對環境的影響，公園開辟了一個特定的區域來堆肥，將植物殘渣轉化為有機肥供公園內部使用。

此外，為了推進低環境影響的城市交通，我們通過在公園中植入自行車區（包括殘疾人自行車）、步道、自行車道，并與阿伯拉多布埃諾街（Aberlado Bueno Street）上現有的自行車系統相連。

該項目還融入了體感花園、服務于老年人健身設備等設計元素，無障礙的通用設計使所有人都可以到達并使用公園的所有場地和設施。

關于布雷·馬克思景觀設計事務所

布雷·馬克斯景觀設計事務所是一個著名的設計公司，由羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯（Roberto Burle Marx）于1955年創建，能夠根據每個項目的特征和需求提供專屬的設計。目前，工作室由第三代景觀設計師小野·伊莎貝拉（Isabela Ono）、小野·胡里奧（Julio Ono）、古斯塔沃·萊瓦（Gustavo Leivas）共同協調管理，他們擁有豐富的國內和國際設計經驗，并保留了Haruyoshi Ono和羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯的創作理念。

伊莎貝拉、胡里奧和古斯塔沃近幾年通過與Haruyoshi Ono的共事和景觀項目的開發，以一種自然而漸進的方式接手了公司的管理，形成了一個飽含熱情的景觀設計專業團隊，他們的靈感來源于Haruyoshi Ono和羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯的創作理念。

（編輯/劉玉霞）

項目名稱：2016里約熱內盧奧運村公園

項目位置：巴西里約熱內盧市西部的巴拉達蒂茹卡地區

項目設計：布雷·馬克斯景觀設計事務所

規模：72 000m2

項目開發時間：2012—2015年

施工時間：2014—2016年

翻譯：張沚晴

校對：孫越

Located in the West Zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro in Barra da Tijuca region,the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park is situated in a private area with more than 800 thousand square meters.The local landscape is marked by the presence of Pedra Branca State Park,with its important reserve of Atlantic Forest vegetation,and diverse formations such as marshes and restinga,and also by the presence of Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills,as well as the Tabebuias Environmental Protection Area.

The Burle Marx Landscape Studio was invited to develop the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park at an area of approximately 72,000 squares meters,intended to be a large public park to be used as the centerpiece of Athlete’s Village during Rio 2016 Olympics.After the Games the idea was to open this park to the public,becoming prominent element of the private condominium known also as Ilha Pura.

5 主湖和球場的鳥瞰Aerial view of the main pond and playing courts

The terrain,resulting from successive landfills beginning in the 1980s,showed little topographical variation.In this sense,considering the level proposed for the surrounding buildings (about 3 meters above the level of the central area destined to the park) and the large dimensions of the terrain,we understood that it would be important to incorporate topographic variations offering to the users a more diverse space.The concept was also to propose environments and spaces with distinct characteristics that could only be perceived by walking or using the park.

The Park’s landscape design structure is composed of paths,living areas and activities on natural soil (sandy gravel) surrounded by large areas of plant beds and lawns,as well as a lane with promenade and bike path with approximately 1,500 meters length designed with draining paving.

Articulated to the main walking paths we proposed different spaces and equipment,highlighting the nine lakes and water ponds with a total of approximately 8,500 square meters of water surface.It is also worth mentioning the various areas dedicated to sports such as soccer fields,tennis,basketball and volleyball courts.

Due to the configuration of the site—with a width that vary from 50 meters to 115 meters in the central stretch,and 1,400 meters in length—most of the sports courts,as well as the main lakes,were located in the central section of the terrain.

The main lake was designed to be an element of prominence at the composition.It has an attractive system of water fountains jets,in addition to effects of lights and sounds,making the place a special spot at night.It was also planned,inside the lake,a contemplative island with resting areas and a wooden pergola,highlighting the beauty of the surrounding lake.

The other lakes were designed with attractions like water gardens and jets.The lakes were detailed with two types of edge,raised and lowered,functioning also as continuous benches in the case of raised edges.

At both ends of the Park,we designed two entrances plazas with pavement and floor design marking the main accesses and also connecting the park to the surrounding blocks.

Complementarily,access to the park is also possible directly through the seven surrounding buildings of the condominium or through six easements that link other blocks to the park area.It is important to note that in addition to allowing access,four of these easements are interconnected by two bridges designed in steel structure (corten steel) and FSC certified wood.

Throughout the park,six leisure areas have been created,with design and contemporary furniture:string toys,colorful little hills of recycled rubber flooring and playground areas with water jets also with the same rubberized floor.

Taking advantage of the created earth movement and the created gaps,we have also detailed other leisure areas with wooden decks for picnic and contemplative spaces.

Park drawing—vegetable structure

Designed in an integrated way to the physical structure of paths,lakes,living areas,flowerbeds and others,the proposed plant structure is composed of tree clusters,palm trees and shrubs planted in groups of the same species with different sizes and characteristics.Among the concepts that guided the composition we highlight the intention to offer shaded areas throughout the Park.

We also highlight the use of native plants and fruit species with exuberant flowering and foliage—and environmental potential for ambiental recovery.The planning included the increase of the floristic diversity,providing the attraction of the local fauna that feeds from diverse species of mirtaceas,arecaceas,among others.

Among the chosen species we can mention:Euterpe oleracea (A?aí),Schinus terebinthifolius(Aroeira),Eugenia uniflora (Pitanga),Eugenia brasiliensis (Grumixama),Garcinia gardneriana(Bacuparí),Myrciaria caulif l ora (Jabuticaba),Tamarindus indica and Morus nigra (Amora).

Ornamental species that are not commonly used in urban arborization and parks such as the Corypha umbraculifera and Mauritia flexuosa,palm trees with spectacular structure,and the use of the Amherstia nobilis tree,have been incorporated,making the Olympic Village Park an area rich in vegetation and experiences.

The plant composition took advantage of the combinations and associations between species and the contrasts of colors,textures and volumes.Associated with the new topography created,the vegetation assisted in the creation of rich ambiences and in the configuration of spaces of permanence and contemplation with views that are gradually discovered as the park is walked by the users.

Near the two entrance plazas,along the walking trail/cycle path and near the walks in natural soil were created several plant beds for ground cover species with ornamental flowering.In order to reduce the maintenance demand of this type of plant,the use of these species was incorporated through a carefully analysis.

Two hundred plant species were used in the project,divided among trees,palms,shrubs,fodder and aquatic plants,with emphasis on native species related to Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems.

6 北公園入口鳥瞰Northern Park entrance aerial

Sustainability

The final design was the result of plastic,functional and technical solutions,combined with the use of innovative urban equipment and furniture,as well as a constant concern to incorporate or adopt measures of environmental practices and sustainability.The concept aims to translate a more current way for man to relate with nature and to emphasize the importance of creating and preserving green spaces in large urban centers.

8 自行車道與人行道Bike and walking paths

Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park was all designed focused on sustainability.We were concerned with the use of materials with a low coefficient of thermal and recycled absorption (such as corten steel and rubberized flooring for playground areas),the reduction of paved areas in the project,and the choice of drainage floors and FSC certified execution of the project.

To avoid wasting water,we chose native and adapted species with lower irrigation demand.In addition,the Park has its own irrigation system,which allowed us to reuse gray water into the garden.These factors were decisive in obtaining the Aqua Seal Certification.

To reduce environmental impact,a specific area was created to compost waste from the management of vegetation and its subsequent transformation into organic manure for use within the park itself.

In addition,we have designed spaces to stimulate mobility with low environmental impact through the installation of bike areas (paracycles),walks and routes for the transit of bicycles with cycle paths within the park and throughout the enterprise connected to the existing cycle system at Aberlado Bueno Street.

The project also incorporated elements such as Sensorial Garden,gym equipment for the senior citizens and elements for universal accessibility,making all the parts and equipment of the Park accessible.

About Burle Marx Landscape Studio

Founded by Roberto Burle Marx in 1955,the Burle Marx Landscape Studio is a renowned office,capable of offering an exclusive product,according to the personality and needs of each project.Currently,the studio is coordinated by the third generation of landscape architects—Isabela,Julio and Gustavo—who have extensive national and international experience,preserving the creative concepts of Haruyoshi Ono and Roberto Burle Marx.

Isabela Ono,Gustavo Leivas and Julio Ono took over the management of the company in a process that had already begun in a natural and gradual way through daily living and development of landscape projects together with Haruyoshi Ono during the last years.The result is a team of professionals who breathe landscaping and work passionately,whose inspiration comes from the strong legacy left by Haruyoshi and Burle Marx.