拱門博物館，圣路易斯，美國(guó)，2018

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：庫(kù)珀·羅伯遜建筑事務(wù)所

Architects: Cooper Robertson

1 拱門博物館鳥瞰/Aerial view of Gateway Arch Museum

2 新的圓形不銹鋼和玻璃的博物館入口完全融入到公園里，讓游客穿過景觀而不是從地下進(jìn)入建筑/The new circular stainless steel and glass museum entrance is fully integrated into the surrounding park, allowing visitors to enter the building through the landscape rather than descending underground.

無障礙設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)

這座博物館的擴(kuò)建部分、展廳和拱門廣場(chǎng)的設(shè)計(jì)意在實(shí)踐“通用設(shè)計(jì)”的核心原則，為所有游客和員工提供平等或等效的使用方式，并高于《美國(guó)殘疾人法案》的要求。這些指導(dǎo)原則在創(chuàng)造盡可能使用簡(jiǎn)單且直觀的環(huán)境中發(fā)揮了重要作用，同時(shí)也大幅減少了給所有使用者帶來的物理和心理障礙。各種特殊需求的使用者都會(huì)在這個(gè)環(huán)境中得到更好的感受。這個(gè)環(huán)境使用起來更加舒適，并由此帶來更多的日常游客和回頭客。

可持續(xù)性目標(biāo)

該項(xiàng)目已獲得LEED 金牌認(rèn)證。這一可持續(xù)設(shè)計(jì)的特色包括：

（1）整體景觀和建筑干預(yù)方案重新建立起拱門、公園和博物館與圣路易斯市中心和附近地鐵站的聯(lián)系，從而鼓勵(lì)游客用公共交通取代機(jī)動(dòng)車。

（2）擴(kuò)建后的游客中心大部分位于公園整體景觀標(biāo)高之下，從而降低了全年能耗，提高了熱效率。這也大幅度降低了“熱島效應(yīng)”，因?yàn)榻ㄖ蓓數(shù)木G化率達(dá)到98.5%。

（3）擴(kuò)建后的游客中心和博物館對(duì)原先低于評(píng)分等級(jí)的設(shè)施進(jìn)行了適應(yīng)性改造和重新配置，并使其融入新的設(shè)計(jì)。（LEED 材料與資源評(píng)分項(xiàng)1.1）

（4）大部分公共空間采用高效、高生命周期的LED 照明，并能分散調(diào)節(jié)，從而支撐廣泛的用途。

（5）選用低流量供水裝置，為整個(gè)項(xiàng)目減少了超過基準(zhǔn)31%的飲用水。□（尚晉 譯）

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

面積/Area: 4366m2

造價(jià)/Cost: 96,000,000 USD

攝影/Photos: Nic Lehouxt

3 拱門博物館和游客中心入口和出口通道擴(kuò)建和翻新/Ingress and egress paths for the expanded and renovated Gateway Arch Museum and Visitor Centre.

4 總平面/Site plan

5 剖面/Section

6 博物館連同新的入口和入口廣場(chǎng)，以及由邁克爾·范·瓦肯伯格景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所設(shè)計(jì)的景觀，為進(jìn)入拱門提供了更好的途徑/The museum - along with the new entrance and entry plaza, and landscape designed by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates - offers better access to the Arch itself.

7 博物館入口廣場(chǎng)及南北入口坡道研究/Study of the Gateway Arch Museum's entry plaza and North and South entry ramps.

Accessible design goals

The Museum expansion, exhibits, and Arch grounds have been designed to utilise the core principles of Universal Design, which are founded on equal or equivalent means of use for all visitors and staff, and exceeds the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) These guidelines have been instrumental in creating an environment which is as simple and intuitive to use as possible, while also drastically reducing physical and attitudinal barriers to all users. The typical experience by users of all abilities will be enhanced by a more comfortable environment that encourages increased daily use and re-visitation.

Sustainability goals

The project has recieved LEED Gold certification. Some highlights of the sustainable design features include:

(1) The overall landscape and building intervention re-establishes the arch, park and museum's connection to downtown St. Louis and adjacent metro connections, thus encouraging visitors to utilize public transit in lieu of automobile transport.

(2) The majority of the expanded Visitors Center is located below the greater park landscape, resulting in lower energy consumption and higher thermal efficiency throughout the year. This also drastically reduces the Heat Island Effect, as 98.5% of the building's roof is vegetated.

(3) The expanded Visitors Center and Museum adaptively re-uses and reconfigures the original below-grade facility as part of the new design.

(4) The majority of public spaces incorporate high-efficiency, high life cycle LED lighting that is discreetly tunable, to support a wide range of programmatic uses.

(5) Low flow water fixtures have been selected to reduce the overall project's potable water usage by over 31% from the baseline.□

8 拱門博物館的入口坡道延伸至大堂，與設(shè)計(jì)視覺融為一體/The Gateway Arch Museum's entrance ramps continue into the lobby, and are integral to the design vision.

10 重新設(shè)計(jì)的博物館包含一個(gè)中央大廳，通往大幅擴(kuò)建的展廳、公共教育設(shè)施和游客服務(wù)中心/The redesigned museum includes a central great hall leading to dramatically expanded exhibition galleries, public education facilities, and visitor services.

A-輪椅無障礙廁所隔間

Wheelchair accessible toilet compartment 60''×60''

B-可移動(dòng)無障礙廁所隔間

Ambulatory accessible toilet compartment 36''×60''

C-轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑

67'' Turning radiuis

D-凈空標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 30''×52'' Clear floor space, typical

E-增加可達(dá)范圍洗手盆

Enhanced reach range lavatory

F-嬰兒護(hù)理臺(tái)

Baby changing station

G-凈空 56''×60'' Clear floor space

9 無障礙衛(wèi)生間平面/Plan of accessible restroom

11 更無障礙、更人性化的博物館促使新的游客和回頭客參觀，國(guó)家公園管理局的報(bào)告稱2018和2019年的游客數(shù)量有顯著增長(zhǎng)/The more accessible and user-friendly museum encourages both new and repeat visitation, with the National Park Service reporting significant increases through much of 2018 and 2019.

12 拱門底部室內(nèi)坡道完全無障礙設(shè)計(jì)概覽/Overview of the design scheme's fully accessible interior ramps at the foot of the Arch.

13 完全無障礙室內(nèi)坡道細(xì)部/Detail of fully accessible interior ramps.

14 出口坡道剖面細(xì)部/Section detail of exit ramps.

15 出口坡道細(xì)部/Detail of exit ramps.

16 玻璃入口將自然光引入地下博物館空間/The glass entrance brings natural light into the subterranean museum space.

17 一個(gè)緩坡廣場(chǎng)和與建筑一體化的坡道讓游客以同樣的方式體驗(yàn)這棟建筑/A gently sloping plaza and architecturally integrated ramps allow all visitors to experience the building in the same way.

評(píng)論

孫立揚(yáng)：拱門博物館位于美國(guó)著名的圣路易斯拱門下方，建筑主體埋設(shè)在地下。設(shè)計(jì)師把“通用設(shè)計(jì)”作為無障礙設(shè)計(jì)的核心理念，為所有游客和員工提供平等或等效的使用體驗(yàn)。

博物館嚴(yán)格遵守《美國(guó)殘疾人法案》，在設(shè)計(jì)過程中進(jìn)行多方案比較，充分考慮與拱門基座等的對(duì)接及造價(jià)等因素，確定最佳設(shè)計(jì)方案。博物館主入口設(shè)環(huán)形坡道從地面緩緩導(dǎo)向地下，在滿足無障礙需求的同時(shí)又給來訪者留下了深刻的印象，展現(xiàn)了很強(qiáng)的藝術(shù)效果。

拱門基座處的無障礙坡道盡量利用原有坡道，僅對(duì)室內(nèi)部分進(jìn)行改造。在新設(shè)無障礙扶手的同時(shí)保留了舊混凝土扶手的造型，表達(dá)了對(duì)歷史的尊重，創(chuàng)造出一個(gè)使用便捷、和諧高雅的藝術(shù)空間。

邵磊：人人可達(dá)，開放共享，是博物館建筑設(shè)計(jì)的基本要求和目標(biāo)之一。拱門博物館作為一個(gè)優(yōu)秀案例，展現(xiàn)了通用設(shè)計(jì)的理念對(duì)場(chǎng)地、景觀和建筑設(shè)計(jì)產(chǎn)生的影響——通過設(shè)計(jì)，創(chuàng)造性地達(dá)成了富有魅力的無障礙目標(biāo)。利用重塑原有地標(biāo)性的拱門建筑、公園與場(chǎng)地的關(guān)系的機(jī)會(huì)，博物館巧妙地處理了覆土建筑的高差問題——用平緩的坡道將地上和地下空間串聯(lián)在一起，增加了空間的流動(dòng)性和滲透性，坡道本身也成為景觀結(jié)合自然的設(shè)計(jì)亮點(diǎn)。這種富有特色的動(dòng)線設(shè)計(jì)，在形態(tài)和建筑細(xì)節(jié)上注重不同區(qū)域的有機(jī)過渡，既滿足了無障礙功能需求，又將帶來生動(dòng)自然的融合感。在室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)上，如無障礙衛(wèi)生間，博物館也充分考慮了不同人士的需求，不僅僅在普通衛(wèi)生間里設(shè)置了無障礙廁位，也設(shè)立了足夠的無障礙衛(wèi)生間，凈空尺寸和布局安排都針對(duì)輪椅使用者進(jìn)行了優(yōu)化。值得一提的是，博物館改善了和地鐵站點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，由此帶來的可達(dá)性的提升，既是對(duì)綠色交通的響應(yīng)，又是交通無障礙的關(guān)鍵。

Comments

SUN Liyang: The Museum is under the well-known Arch of St. Louis with the main structure buried underground. The designer takes universal design as the core concept of the accessible design, and aims at providing equivalent using experiences for all visitors and staff.

Strictly following the requirements of the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Museum compared several schemes and gave full consideration to its connection with the base of the Arch, the construction cost, and other elements, before deciding the optimal scheme. There is a ring-shaped slope at the main entrance of the Museum slowly descending underground, which not only meets the demand for accessibility, but also impresses visitors with its strong artistic effects.

The barrier-free slope at the base of the Arch makes full use of the original ramp and only the interior part is reformed. When installing the new barrier-free handrail, the old concrete handrail is preserved to show designer's respect for history. An artistic space that is both convenient for use and harmonious and elegant is thus created. (Translated by QIAN Fang)

SHAO Lei: Accessibility, sharing and openness are among of the basic principles and goals in museum design. As an excellent example, the Gateway Arch Museum demonstrates the concept of universal design by achieving glamorous accessible goals through the comprehensive design of the site, landscape and architecture. To reshape the relationship among the original landmark arch, the park and the site, the museum cleverly deals with the problem of the height difference of the earth-covering buildings - using a gentle ramp to connect the ground and underground spaces together, promote the space mobility and permeability, and the ramp itself has become a design highlight of the landscape combined with nature. This distinctive dynamic design pays attention to the organic transition of different space in terms of form and architectural details, which not only meets the needs of barrier-free functions, but also brings a vivid and natural sense of integration. In the interior design, such as accessible toilets, the museum also fully considered the needs of different people, not only set up accessible cubicles in the ordinary bathroom, but also set up enough independent accessible toilets, in which clearance size and layout arrangements for wheelchairs are optimised. It is worth mentioning that the museum has improved the relationship with the subway station, and the resulting increase in accessibility is both a response to green tra☆c and a key to transportation accessibility.