基律納4-ever，拉普蘭，瑞典

克里斯特·林德斯泰特，杰克·約翰松，薩姆·凱沙瓦齊 文/Text by Krister Lindstedt, Jack Johnson, Sam Keshavarz

潘奕 譯/Translated by PAN Yi

2013 年，位于瑞典北部的基律納鎮(zhèn)選擇了一個(gè)將該鎮(zhèn)向東遷移2km 的總體規(guī)劃方案（圖1、2）。自1900 年成立以來(lái)即滋養(yǎng)該鎮(zhèn)發(fā)展的鐵礦業(yè)帶來(lái)了地面變形的問(wèn)題，他們可以通過(guò)這一規(guī)劃方案來(lái)回避這個(gè)問(wèn)題。

該方案之所以能在基律納人中獲得認(rèn)可，是因?yàn)樗プ×艘恍┗镜膯?wèn)題。“基律納4-ever”，這個(gè)獲獎(jiǎng)提案的座右銘，旨在建立一個(gè)多元化和宜居的城鎮(zhèn)，從其嚴(yán)肅的精神、自然環(huán)境和過(guò)去中得到認(rèn)同。該方案要求更密集的定居點(diǎn)和更多的聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)（圖3），系統(tǒng)地重新利用老基律納（圖4），與自然保持密切而有意義的關(guān)系，以回應(yīng)亞北極地區(qū)的自然條件。LKAB 礦業(yè)公司補(bǔ)償了財(cái)產(chǎn)損失，但鼓勵(lì)人們遷入新市鎮(zhèn)的原因在于它的吸引力（圖5）。

新址的參觀者將能夠辨別出街道和街區(qū)布局呈山脊?fàn)睿▓D6）。技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)的到位預(yù)示了未來(lái)的發(fā)展程度。標(biāo)志著基律納正在移動(dòng)的最顯著的訊號(hào)是新市政廳的竣工。坐落于最重要的聚會(huì)地點(diǎn)、尚未完工的城鎮(zhèn)廣場(chǎng)旁邊，它因此確立了新城鎮(zhèn)的位置。舊市政廳的鐘樓已被重新使用，并已就位（圖7-10）。

令人驚嘆的是，像警長(zhǎng)之家這樣完整的建筑物也被移動(dòng)了。這證明移動(dòng)整棟建筑在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是可行的，并為移動(dòng)比最初預(yù)期更多的建筑物提供了方法（圖11、12）。

在植被方面，重復(fù)利用也被證明是可行的。新址是一片由關(guān)停礦井中的開(kāi)采廢料構(gòu)成的灰地。移植來(lái)自變形區(qū)域的更加成熟的植被，可以在緩慢生長(zhǎng)的氣候中提供成熟的城市植物群。目前，綠白走廊被用于雨水和植被管理。在亞北極氣候下融雪水體量可觀，雨水管理將被設(shè)計(jì)為旅游公園的一個(gè)組成部分，如在雨水公園（圖13）。

在私企對(duì)新的地點(diǎn)產(chǎn)生信任并為工作場(chǎng)所和零售提供住房和空間之前，公共部門(mén)必須挺身而出。一家市政公司將擁有并協(xié)調(diào)沿著購(gòu)物街的所有底層空間，以更好地渡過(guò)搬遷的關(guān)鍵階段（圖14）。

這一行動(dòng)是由當(dāng)?shù)卣芾淼模鸬涞姆梢彩侨绱恕？紤]到基律納的規(guī)模較小以及州有企業(yè)LKAB 的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力，一些政府規(guī)劃?rùn)C(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)具體問(wèn)題的漠視可能會(huì)令人不安：仍然沒(méi)有決定火車(chē)站是否會(huì)再一次植入城鎮(zhèn)中心，這將極大地影響投資環(huán)境。隨著LKAB 在2018 年春季提出進(jìn)一步的問(wèn)題，由于預(yù)期方向的鐵礦石儲(chǔ)量不足，可能會(huì)取消對(duì)啟動(dòng)本項(xiàng)目的新采礦平臺(tái)的投資。但這一遷移將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，并有希望得到其他的發(fā)現(xiàn)。既然基律納4-ever曾經(jīng)渴望擁有一個(gè)更加多元化的經(jīng)濟(jì)未來(lái)，那么這個(gè)新城鎮(zhèn)就是一個(gè)迎接這個(gè)不受歡迎的問(wèn)題的工具。未來(lái)的轉(zhuǎn)型是當(dāng)前設(shè)計(jì)的一部分。

基律納的困境與許多其他城市在氣候變化方面有很多相似之處。在基律納4-ever，我們預(yù)見(jiàn)到交流思想和經(jīng)驗(yàn)的潛力，并設(shè)想了基律納雙年展。關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)，國(guó)家設(shè)計(jì)博物館（ArkDes）和北博滕藝術(shù)博物館將共同主辦一個(gè)展覽，讓所有瑞典人參與基律納的搬遷（圖15）。它將于2020年3～9 月開(kāi)展。這提供了一個(gè)非常好的機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)討論基律納的發(fā)展方向，以及我們?cè)诓粩嘧兓奈幕c氣候景觀中的未來(lái)。□

1 基律納新城鎮(zhèn)中心2033年總體規(guī)劃/The 2033 masterplan for Kiruna's new town centre

2 2012年中標(biāo)方案的分析圖顯示了估計(jì)的密度演變/Diagram from the winning proposal from 2012 showing the stimulated density evolution as access to people（圖片來(lái)源/Sources:Spacescape）

3 中標(biāo)方案的剖面圖顯示了與自然密切相關(guān)的密集城鎮(zhèn)的概念/The section from the winning proposal shows the concept of a dense town in close relation to nature

4 基律納的門(mén)戶(hù)意向產(chǎn)生自競(jìng)賽。重復(fù)利用不僅關(guān)乎物質(zhì)材料，也關(guān)乎記憶/The Kiruna portal is an idea from the competition. Reuse is as much about the physical materials as it is about memories

5 新的城鎮(zhèn)廣場(chǎng)/The new town square

In 2013 the town of Kiruna in the north of Sweden chose a Master Plan for relocating the town 2km eastward (Fig. 1, 2). By doing so it will avoid land deformation caused by the iron ore mine that has nurtured its existence since its inception in the year of 1900.

If the Master plan won acceptance among the Kirunians it is because it grasped some basic challenges. Kiruna 4-ever, the motto of the winning proposal, aims for a diversified and livable town,claiming identity from its no-nonsense-spirit, its natural surroundings and its past. The plan calls for a denser settlement with more meeting places(Fig. 3), a systematic re-use of the old Kiruna (Fig.4), in a close and meaningful relation with nature,responding to the sub-arctic conditions. The mining company LKAB reimburses for lost property but the incentive to move into the new town will have to be its attractivity (Fig. 5).

A visitor at the new site will be able to discern the street and block layout as built-up ridges (Fig. 6).With the technical infrastructure in place it signals the extent of what is to come. The most visual sign that Kiruna is moving is the completion of the new Town Hall. It fixates the location of the new town by standing next to the foremost meeting place, the town square, not yet finished. The bell tower from the old dismantled town hall is re-used and has already been put in place (Fig. 7-10).

Strikingly, complete buildings are moved, such as L?nsmansbostaden (the Sheriff's house). This has proven to be economically viable and has given way for moving more buildings than initially expected (Fig. 11, 12).

Re-use has been proven useful when it comes to vegetation as well. The new site is a large greyfield area made of extraction-waste from a closed mine. Transplanting fully-grown vegetation from the deformation zone provides a mature urban flora in a climate of slow growth. Currently the greenwhite corridors are used for stormwater management and accessible open space. The melting waters in the sub-arctic climate can be massive and stormwater management will be designed as integral parts of recreational parks as in the Dagvattenparken (Fig. 13).

Until private actors find trust in the new site and deliver housing and spaces for workplaces and retail, public actors have had to step up. A municipally owned company will own and coordinate all ground floors along the shopping street to better overcome the critical phase of moving(Fig. 14).

The move is run by the local authority as is law in Sweden. Considering the small size of Kiruna and the economic might of the state-owned LKAB it can be unsettling to note how indifferent some governmental planning agencies are to the specific challenges: there is still no decision whether the railway station will once again be plugged into the town centre, which would affect the investment climate immensely. As further challenge LKAB signaled in the spring of 2018 that the investment for a new mining platform that set this project in motion may be reversed due to meager reserves of iron ore in the expected direction. But the move will be carried through and there are hopes for other findings. Since Kiruna 4-ever aspires for a future with a more diverse economy, the new town is a tool to meet this unwelcome challenge. Future transformation is part of the current design.

The predicament of Kiruna shares many similarities with that of many other cities in relation to climate change. In Kiruna 4-ever we foresaw the potential for an exchange of ideas and experiences and envisaged the Kiruna Biennale. In relation to this, ArkDes (the national design museum) and Konstmuséet i Norr will co-host an exhibition for all Swedes to engage in the relocation of Kiruna (Fig. 15).It will run between March and September 2020.This offers an extraordinary opportunity to discuss the direction of Kiruna and our future in a changing cultural and climatic landscape. □

6 新的街道布局可在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)追溯/The new street layout is traceable on site

7 新市政廳與拆遷自舊市政廳的鐘樓/The new town hall with the bell tower from the now demolished old town hall

8 舊市政廳的門(mén)把手已安裝在新市政廳。其設(shè)計(jì)靈感來(lái)自于典型的薩米鼓/The door handles from the old town hall have been mounted on the new. The design was inspired by the typical Sami drum

9 被拆除的舊市政廳/The demolished old town hall

10 舊火車(chē)站的磚頭被保留下來(lái)，將在新城鎮(zhèn)重新使用/The bricks from the old train station have been kept and will be reused in the new town

11 警長(zhǎng)之家/L?nsmansbostaden (the Sheriff's house)

12 建筑的移動(dòng)驚人的容易，例如古斯塔夫·威克曼設(shè)計(jì)的著名的“大角屋”/The moving of building e.g. the famous Bl?ckhorn houses designed by Gustav Wichman was surprisingly easy

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data（2017-2019/2020）

主持建筑師/Principal Architects: Krister Lindstedt (White),Erik Stenman (Ghilardi+Hellsten)

主持景觀建筑師/Principal Landscape Architects: Jack Johnson (White), Sam Keshavarz (Outer Space)

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: White arkitekter, Ghilardi+Hellsten arkitekter

建筑設(shè)計(jì)/Architects: Anna Edblom, Ivar Suneson (White),Ellen Hellsten, Franco Ghilardi (Ghilardi+Hellsten)

景觀建筑/Landscape Architects: Sanna Eriksson, Peter Eklund

空間分析/Spatial Analysis: Spacescape

交通設(shè)計(jì)/Transport: Sweco

造價(jià)/Cost: 目前基律納和LKAB達(dá)成了57.4億瑞典克朗的協(xié)議/The current agreement between Kiruna and LKAB amounts to 5.74B SEK

其他信息/Additions: 基律納鎮(zhèn)于1900年設(shè)立。現(xiàn)有人口23,167人，其中約有18,000人居住在城鎮(zhèn)中心。孕育該地礦業(yè)的鐵礦石礦層厚約80m，巖層傾角60°，位于城鎮(zhèn)下方。在LKAB礦業(yè)公司建設(shè)新的地下1360m處水平礦井時(shí)，到2033年，地面變形將影響整個(gè)現(xiàn)有城鎮(zhèn)中心。基律納于2004年同意搬遷。礦業(yè)公司將補(bǔ)償125%的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失以支付搬遷費(fèi)用。基律納于2011年決定搬至新地點(diǎn)。2013年，White和Ghilardi+Hellsten合作的“基律納 4-ever”方案贏得了新城鎮(zhèn)愿景與總體規(guī)劃的競(jìng)賽。2014年，基于“基律納 4-ever”的發(fā)展計(jì)劃得以通過(guò)。總體搬遷期限為20年，涉及3000多個(gè)住宅單元、公共建筑、辦公場(chǎng)所、公共空間保障和關(guān)鍵建筑搬遷；搬遷涉及6000人，占基律納現(xiàn)有城市人口的33%。/Kiruna was founded in the year of 1900. The population today is 23,167 of which approximately 18,000 live in the urban centre. The iron ore seam nurturing the mine is around 80m wide and sloping 60°below the town. When the mining company LKAB establishes a new level 1360m below ground, a land deformation will affect the whole existing town centre by the year 2033. In Kiruna agreed to move in 2004. The mining company will reimburse lost property to 125% percent of its value, which will pay for the move. Kiruna decided to move to the new location in 2011. In 2013 the proposal Kiruna 4-ever from White and Ghilardi+Hellsten won the competition for the Vision and the Master Plan for the new town. The Development plan based on Kiruna 4-ever was adopted in 2014. The relocation was given a 20-year horizon including up to 3000 residential units, public buildings, workplaces, the provision of public space, and the relocation of key buildings. 6000 people need to move, which makes up 33% of the existing urban Kiruna.

13 積雪系統(tǒng)和露天雨水槽覆蓋整個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)，并通過(guò)水道導(dǎo)向托訥湖/A system of snow storages and open-air stormwater recesses covers the town and are led through the corridors to Tornetr?sk as a recipient

14 通過(guò)步行購(gòu)物街連接城鎮(zhèn)中心和大購(gòu)物組團(tuán)，集中所有力量導(dǎo)向同一個(gè)朝向，打造一個(gè)可持續(xù)的購(gòu)物目的地/By connecting the downtown and big box shopping through a walkable shopping street all forces will pull in the same direction and reach for one single sustainable shopping destination

15 關(guān)于基律納的對(duì)話(huà)/Photo from the dialogue

評(píng)論

劉伯英：資源型城市轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展一直是世界范圍的難題，基律納的應(yīng)對(duì)策略是在今后近100年內(nèi)整體向東遷移2km，這個(gè)大膽想法的前提是鎮(zhèn)區(qū)規(guī)模并不大。新規(guī)劃利用廢棄土地，在建成區(qū)插入綠楔與自然相融合；利用老鎮(zhèn)區(qū)的綠化，快速實(shí)現(xiàn)新鎮(zhèn)區(qū)的生態(tài)景觀；搬移原有鐘樓和標(biāo)志建筑，塑造情感和心理認(rèn)同；政府通過(guò)市政基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)配套設(shè)施的投入引導(dǎo)實(shí)施，策劃雙年展實(shí)現(xiàn)宣傳和公共參與的目的。這些綜合策略共同為實(shí)施搬遷保駕護(hù)航。

薄宏濤：項(xiàng)目東移的策略保持了對(duì)既有工業(yè)遺存的足夠敬畏，呈現(xiàn)了對(duì)后工業(yè)遺存地貌的積極回應(yīng)，脊?fàn)畈季忠搀w現(xiàn)了人工化自然與原生自然的一致性。有效的既有建筑搬遷和再造呈現(xiàn)出了集體記憶符號(hào)的再現(xiàn)和延續(xù)，植被的復(fù)植和管理也體現(xiàn)了清晰的生態(tài)遷移可行性。然而，更新除了積極的技術(shù)策略外，有效的運(yùn)營(yíng)管理機(jī)制和政策指引也是其成功的必經(jīng)之路，在這一點(diǎn)上，項(xiàng)目顯然還無(wú)法令人擁有成功的足夠信心。基律納雙年展，通過(guò)大型城市文化事件吸引全國(guó)乃至更大范圍的關(guān)注，進(jìn)而推動(dòng)更新進(jìn)程，不失為一種明智的選擇。

Comments

LIU Boying: The transformative development of a resource-based city has always been a challenge all over the world. Kiruna's solution to such a challenge is the move of the entire town eastward by 2km. This bold idea is based on the fact that the size of this town is not huge. The new plan utilised the abandoned land and introduced green wedge into the built area,which helped to blend it with nature. Moreover, this project did not merely leverage the green area in the old town to expedite the completion of the ecological landscape in the new town, it also moved the original clock tower and landmark buildings in order to create both emotional and psychological identification. By investing and implementing municipal infrastructure and public service facilities, the government organised a biennial exhibition for the dual purposes of publicity and public participation. The above integrated approaches served as a guardian and contributed to the completion of the move. (Translated by Dandan Wang)BO Hongtao: The relocation of the project to the east has paid due respect to the existing industrial monument, indicating a positive response to the postindustrial topographic remains. The spinal layout also manifests a consistency between an artificial nature and the original one. Effective relocation and re-creation of the existing buildings signifies a representation and continuation of collective memory signs, while vegetation restoration and management prove feasible clearly in terms of ecological migration.However, in addition to positive technical strategies for renewal, effective operation management and policy guidance are prerequisites for success. Obviously this is where the project cannot give us enough confidence in its success. The Kiruna Biennial, attracting national and even greater attention through major urban cultural events, thus promoting renewal in its wake, is nothing less than a choice of wisdom. (Translated by SHANG Jin)