華北夏谷區不同年代主栽谷子品種氮代謝相關酶及有關生理指標差異分析

孔清華 陳二影 于淑婷 楊延兵 秦嶺 黎飛飛 管延安

摘要：為了明確不同年代谷子品種的演變特點，為新品種選育提供依據，選用20世紀80年代至今華北夏谷區推廣的20個主栽谷子品種進行大田試驗，比較4個年代不同谷子品種的葉綠素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、谷氨酸合成酶活性等生理生化指標，并分析酶活性與產量的相關性。結果表明：不同年代谷子品種旗葉、功能葉的葉綠素SPAD值均隨灌漿進程呈現下降趨勢;旗葉、倒二葉、倒三葉的SPAD值變化均表現為1990s、2000s育成品種的SPAD值較高，1980s、2010s育成品種的SPAD值較低。華北夏谷區近30年來育成谷子品種的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）與谷氨酸合成酶（GOGAT）活性均呈單峰曲線，前者酶活性最高時期為花后7天，后者為7天或14天;GS與GOGAT活性均表現為隨育成年代遞進呈上升趨勢。可溶性蛋白含量在花后7天到成熟期下降幅度從小到大依次是2010s、2000s、1990s、1980s，說明改良過程中谷子植株內各種酶源與代謝調節物質的降解速率降低。花后35天時GS活性與產量的相關性最高為-0.247，與產量呈負相關。花后7天時的GOGAT活性與產量的相關性最高為0.455，且呈顯著正相關。研究結果顯示：更新育成的谷子品種旗葉中GS活性、GOGAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量變化對產量產生一定影響。因此，華北夏谷區育種應進一步加強對氮高效品種的選育。

關鍵詞：華北地區;谷子品種;谷氨酰胺合成酶;谷氨酸合成酶;年代

中圖分類號：S515.01 ?文獻標識號：A ?文章編號：1001-4942（2019）08-0028-06

Abstract In order to clarify the evolution characteristics of foxtail millet varieties in different years and provide the reference for breeding new variety， 20 main foxtail millet varieties promoted in North China from 1980s were used in the field experiment. Their physiological and biochemical indexes such as chlorophyll content， soluble protein content， glutamine synthetase （GS） activity， glutamate synthase （GOGAT） activity were compared among four ages. Meanwhile， the correlation between enzyme activities and yield were analyzed. The results showed that the chlorophyll SPAD values of flag leaves and functional leaves of foxtail millet cultivars decreased with the grain filling process. The SPAD values of flag leaves， inverted two leaves and inverted three leaves of millet varieties bred in 1990s and 2000s were higher than those in 1980s and 2010s. The activities of glutamine synthetase （GS） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） of different foxtail millet varieties in the recent 30 years changed as single-peak curves， and the highest activity of GS was at 7 days after flowering， and that of GOGAT was at 7 or 14 days after flowering. The activities of GS and GOGAT increased with the breed age delay. The descend amplitude of soluble protein content from the 7th day after anthesis to the mature period from small to large was in the order of 2010s， 2000s， 1990s and 1980s， which indicated that the degradation rate of various enzymes and metabolic regulators in foxtail millet plants decreased during the improvement process. At the 35th day after anthesis， the correlation between GS activity and yield was the highest and negative with the correlation coefficient as-0.247. There was a significant positive correlation between GOGAT activity and yield at the 7th day after anthesis， and the correction value was the highest as 0.455. The results showed that the changes of GS and GOGAT activities and soluble protein content in flag leaves of the foxtail millet cultivars bred in recent years had certain effects on improving yield. Therefore， the North China summer foxtail millet area should further strengthen the breeding of high-efficiency nitrogen vatiety.