王衛 張佳敏 趙志平 白婷 吉莉莉 陳林



摘 要:研究微生物發酵劑對四川傳統風羊腿不同加工階段及產品特性的影響,結果表明:風羊腿的水分含量及水分活度(water activity,aw)在風干發酵初期下降較快,后期逐漸平緩;pH值在發酵開始1 周下降較快,成熟后期逐漸回升;NaCl含量逐漸增加,亞硝酸鈉殘留量逐漸下降;過氧化值、硫代巴比妥酸反應物值和揮發性鹽基氮含量逐步上升;添加微生物發酵劑的產品水分含量、aw和pH值變化幅度更大,發酵進程更快,發酵微生物呈現出極為顯著的抑制脂肪氧化和降低硝鹽(硝酸鈉和亞硝酸鈉)殘留作用,這一作用在腌制和發酵初期就已顯現。
關鍵詞:風羊腿;微生物發酵劑;加工進程;產品特性
Effect of Starter Cultures on Processing and Quality Characteristics of Sichuan Goat Ham
WANG Wei, ZHANG Jiamin, ZHAO Zhiping, BAI Ting, JI Lili, CHEN Lin
(Key Laboratory of Meat Processing in Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China)
Abstract: The effects of natural fermentation versus directed vat set (DVS, a mixed starter culture of Staphylococcus carnosus, Staphylococcus xylosus, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Lactobacillus sakei and Debaromyces hansenii) on the processing and quality characteristics of Sichuan goat ham were studied. The results showed the moisture content and water activity (aw) of ham decreased rapidly in the early stage of natural fermentation, and gradually remained stable in the later stage. The pH value declined rapidly in the first week of fermentation, and gradually rose in the later stage of maturation. The NaCl content, perioxide value (POV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) value and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content gradually increased, and the nitrite residue gradually decreased. Larger changes in the water content, aw and pH values occurred during fermentation with DVS and the fermentation rate was higher compared with natural fermentation. The starter culture extremely significantly inhibited fat oxidation and reduced the nitrite residue in the early stages of curing and fermentation.
Keywords: goat ham; starter culture; processing; quality characteristics
DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125
中圖分類號:TS251.5? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1001-8123(2019)07-0014-05
引文格式:
王衛, 張佳敏, 趙志平, 等. 微生物發酵劑對四川風羊腿加工進程及產品特性的影響[J]. 肉類研究, 2019, 33(7): 14-18. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125.? ? http://www.rlyj.net.cn
WANG Wei, ZHANG Jiamin, ZHAO Zhiping, et al. Effect of starter cultures on processing and quality characteristics of Sichuan goat ham[J]. Meat Research, 2019, 33(7): 14-18. DOI:10.7506/rlyj1001-8123-20190612-125.? ? http://www.rlyj.net.cn
風羊腿是我國傳統特色腌臘名產,產品以羊后腿為原料,經修整、上鹽、腌制、自然風干和貯藏成熟等工序制作而成[1]。研究表明,風羊腿等傳統腌臘制品屬于水分活度(water activity,aw)0.70~0.80的典型半干水分食品(intermediate moisture foods,IMF),具有極佳的非制冷可貯藏性[2],較長時間自然風干產品也伴隨一定的微生物發酵進程,但微生物參與的發酵作用遠比西式發酵肉制品作用更小[3],其特有風味的形成主要取決于風干進程中以理化為主導、微生物參與的脂肪和蛋白質分解、氧化等反應,逐漸產生醛、酮、酸等一系列小分子化合物,風干發酵時間越長,微生物的作用也越顯著[4-5]。微生物在火腿等中式腌臘肉制品加工中的優勢菌群取決于加工產品和環境等諸多因素[6],其發揮的作用是多方面的,如乳酸菌和肉葡萄球菌能促進產品中亞硝酸鹽的分解和芳香類風味物質的形成;片球菌能抑制雜菌生長,提升產品的安全性;霉菌能抑制有害菌生長并且使產品具有特殊的香氣;酵母菌能抑制產品的氧化酸敗,還對腌臘肉制品特殊風味的形成有益[7]。