Types of Poverty貧困的類型

阿什利·克羅斯曼　尼基·莉薩·科爾

Absolute poverty is what most people probably think of when they think of poverty， especially if they think about it at the global level. It is defined as the total lack of resources and means required to meet the most basic standards of living. It is characterized by lack of access to food， clothing， and shelter. The characteristics of this type of poverty are the same from place to place.

Relative poverty is defined differently from place to place because it depends on the social and economic contexts in which one lives. Relative poverty exists when one lacks the means and resources required to meet a minimum level of living standards that are considered normal in the society or community where one lives. In many parts of the world， for example， indoor plumbing is regarded as a sign of affluence， but in industrial societies， it is taken for granted and its absence in a household is taken as a sign of poverty.

Income poverty is the type of poverty measured by the federal government in the U.S. and documented by the U.S. Census1. It exists when a household does not meet a set national minimum income considered necessary for the members of that household to achieve basic standards of living. The figure used to define poverty on a global scale is living on less than $2 per day. In the U.S.， income poverty is determined by the size of household and number of children in the household， so there is no fixed income level that defines poverty for all. According to the U.S. Census， the poverty threshold for a single person living alone was $12，331 per year. For two adults living together it was $15，871， and for two adults with a child， it was $16，337.

Cyclical poverty is a condition in which poverty is widespread but limited in its duration. This type of poverty is typically linked to specific events that disrupt a society， like war， an economic crash or recession， or natural phenomena or disasters that disrupt the distribution of food and other resources. For example， the poverty rate within the U.S. climbed throughout the Great Recession that began in 2008， and since 2010 has declined. This is a case in which an economic event caused a cycle of more intensive poverty that was fixed in duration （about three years）.

Collective poverty is a lack of basic resources that is so widespread that it afflicts an entire society or subgroup of people within that society. This form of poverty persists over periods of time stretching across generations. It is common in formerly colonized places， frequently war-torn places， and places that have been heavily exploited by or excluded from participation in global commerce， including parts of Asia， the Middle East， much of Africa， and parts of Central and South America.

Concentrated collective poverty occurs when the kind of collective poverty described above is suffered by specific subgroups within a society， or localized in particular communities or regions that are devoid of industry， good paying jobs， and that lack access to fresh and healthy food. For example， within the U.S.， poverty within metropolitan regions2 is concentrated within the principal cities of those regions， and often also within specific neighborhoods within cities.

Case poverty occurs when a person or family is unable to secure resources required to meet their basic needs despite the fact that resources are not scarce and those around them are generally living well. Case poverty might be produced by sudden loss of employment， inability to work， or injury or illness. While it might at first glance seem like an individual condition， it is actually a social one， because it is unlikely to occur in societies that provide economic safety nets to their populations.

Asset poverty is more common and widespread than income poverty and other forms. It exists when a person or household does not have enough wealth assets （in the form of property， investments， or money saved） to survive for three months if necessary. In fact， many people living in the U.S. today live in asset poverty. They may not be impoverished so long as they are employed， but could be thrown immediately into poverty if their pay were to stop.

絕對貧困：多數(shù)人想到“貧困”一詞時(shí)腦中浮現(xiàn)的很可能就是“絕對貧困”，放眼全球，情況更是如此。絕對貧困指的是，完全缺乏滿足最基本生活水平所需的資源和手段，其特征是缺衣少食、居無定所。世界各地的“絕對貧困”都滿足這些特征。

相對貧困：這一類型的貧困在世界各地定義不同，取決于居住地的社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。相對貧困指的是，缺乏滿足居住地一般最低生活水平所需的資源和手段。例如，在世界上很多地方，擁有室內(nèi)給排水設(shè)施意味著富有，然而在工業(yè)社會，人們認(rèn)為室內(nèi)理應(yīng)有給排水設(shè)施，沒有則意味著貧困。

收入性貧困：這一類型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)由美國聯(lián)邦政府制定，并由美國人口普查局記錄在案。收入性貧困指某個(gè)家庭未能達(dá)到國家規(guī)定的家庭成員維持基本生活水平所必需的最低收入。在全球范圍內(nèi)，每天生活費(fèi)不足2美元就可定義為收入性貧困。在美國，此類貧困的界定取決于家庭規(guī)模和家中孩童的數(shù)量，因此并沒有一個(gè)適用于所有人的固定收入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。美國人口普查局的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是，獨(dú)居單身人士的貧困線是年收入12331美元，兩個(gè)共同生活的成年人是15871美元，兩個(gè)成年人和一個(gè)孩子則是16337美元。

周期性貧困：這是一種貧困普遍存在但只維持一段時(shí)間的狀況。此類貧困的發(fā)生與對社會造成破壞的特定事件尤其相關(guān)，例如戰(zhàn)爭、經(jīng)濟(jì)崩潰或衰退，或者影響糧食等資源分配的自然現(xiàn)象或?yàn)?zāi)害。舉例來說，2008年美國發(fā)生經(jīng)濟(jì)大衰退之后，貧困率不斷攀升，2010年之后才有所下降。這種情況是一起經(jīng)濟(jì)事件引發(fā)了一個(gè)周期的較嚴(yán)重貧困，持續(xù)時(shí)間固定（大約3年）。

集體性貧困：這是指缺乏基本資源的現(xiàn)象太過普遍，以致影響到整個(gè)社會或者其中的亞群體。這一類型的貧困會延續(xù)好幾代人，常見于從前的殖民地、飽受戰(zhàn)火蹂躪之地，以及因?yàn)閰⑴c全球貿(mào)易被嚴(yán)重剝削或者根本無法參與全球貿(mào)易的區(qū)域，包括亞洲部分地區(qū)、中東、非洲大部以及中南美洲部分地區(qū)。

集中的集體性貧困：指上述集體性貧困現(xiàn)象發(fā)生在社會特定亞群體中，或集中于某些特定社區(qū)或地域，這些地區(qū)沒有工業(yè)，找不到薪酬合理的工作，無法獲得新鮮健康的食物。例如，美國大都市圈的貧困集中在圈內(nèi)主要城市，常常還是在城市中的特定社區(qū)。

個(gè)別性貧困：如果資源并不稀缺，周圍人過得也還富足，一個(gè)人或一個(gè)家庭卻無法獲取滿足其基本需要所需的資源，這就是個(gè)別性貧困。該貧困產(chǎn)生的原因可能是：突然失業(yè)、喪失勞動(dòng)能力或傷病。乍一看，這似乎只關(guān)乎個(gè)人，但實(shí)際上卻是個(gè)社會問題，因?yàn)槿绻鐣転槠涑蓡T提供經(jīng)濟(jì)安全保障，這種貧困就不會發(fā)生。

資產(chǎn)貧困：它比收入貧困以及其他類型的貧困更為常見與廣泛。個(gè)人或家庭的財(cái)富資產(chǎn)（可以是房產(chǎn)、投資或儲蓄）在必要時(shí)無法維持三個(gè)月的生活所需，這就是資產(chǎn)貧困。事實(shí)上，當(dāng)今許多在美國生活的人就處于資產(chǎn)貧困的狀態(tài)。只要有工作，就不會貧困潦倒，但一旦收入叫停，可能立即陷入貧困。

（譯者為“ 《英語世界》杯”翻譯大賽獲獎(jiǎng)選手）