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微生物介導植物次生代謝產物累積及在藥用植物作用機制中的研究進展

2019-09-10 06:14:59郜玉鋼莫琪琪趙巖臧埔
南方農業學報 2019年10期
關鍵詞:植物

郜玉鋼 莫琪琪 趙巖 臧埔

摘要:植物次生代謝產物是植物長期與生態環境適應的結果,具有多種藥理、生理和生態學功能,已廣泛應用于醫藥、保健品、化妝品、食品和農藥等行業。文章重點介紹了病原菌、誘導子和內生菌介導植物次生代謝產物累積的概況,指出利用病原菌介導植物次生代謝累積作用不持久和不安全,誘導子介導雖安全但更不持久,內生菌介導遠比生物侵害因子更安全、更可控和更持久,且經濟可靠效率高,應用前景更理想;同時總結了內生菌介導植物次生代謝產物累積的主要途徑,歸納了內生菌與宿主植物次生代謝的互作機制,并指出內生菌在藥用植物藥效成分累積中的作用機制。今后應借助高通量測序、SSH、HPLC、TLC、IR、MS和NMR等手段確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝產物累積的途徑、種類及其差異基因,再結合藥用植物次生代謝單體和差異基因表達量相關分析、Unigene注釋、差異基因結構分析篩選候選基因并驗證其功能,綜合Unigene蛋白互作網絡等分析和關鍵酶基因作用信號通路,確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝累積的分子機制。

關鍵詞: 微生物;植物;藥用植物;次生代謝產物;互作機制

中圖分類號: S182? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?文獻標志碼: A 文章編號:2095-1191(2019)10-2234-07

Microbial mediated accumulation of plant secondary metabolites and its action mechanism in medicinal

plants: A review

GAO Yu-gang1,2,? MO Qi-qi1,2,? ZHAO Yan1,2,? ZANG Pu1,2*

(1College of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun? 130118, China; 2Ginseng Engineering Technology Research Center of Jilin Province, Changchun? 130118, China)

Abstract:Plant secondary metabolites are the result of long-term adaptation of plants to the ecological environment, they have a variety of pharmacological, physiological and ecological functions and are widely used in medicine, health care products, cosmetics, food and pesticide industries. The accumulation of plant secondary metabolites mediated by microorganisms was reviewed in this article, focusing on the pathogens, elicitors, endophytes to mediate plant secondary metabolism:pathogens were not persistent and unsafe. Elicitors were safe but less persistent. Endophytes were far safer, more controllable and lasting, and economically reliable and more efficient than biological aggressor. The main pathways of secondary metabolism mediated by endophytes, and the interaction mechanism between endophytes and host plants were summarized. The function mechanism of endophytes in effective component accumulation of medicinal plants was pointed out. High-throughput sequencing, SSH, HPLC, TLC, IR, MS and NMR were used to determine the pathways and species and differential genes of endophytes mediated medicinal plants secondary metabolism accumulation. In combination with the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants and differential gene expression analysis, Unigene annotation and differential gene structure analysis, candidate genes were screened and their functions were verified. The molecular mechanism of endophytes mediated the accumulation of secondary metabolism in medicinal plants were determined combining with the Unigene protein interaction network and key enzyme gene signaling pathways.

Key words: microbe; plant; medicinal plants; secondary metabolic products; interaction mechanism

0 引言

植物次生代謝產物是一類特殊的小分子有機化合物,其種類繁多,但并非是植物生長發育過程中所必需的物質。植物次生代謝產物在增強植物抗病性、抵御害蟲侵害及其對環境的適應中起著重要作用,是植物長期與生態環境相適應的結果(牛麗麗等,2016;顧小輝等,2017),而植物次生代謝產物作為天然的活性成分,也具有一定的藥理作用和生物活性,在抗菌、抗炎、抗腫瘤、防治心血管疾病及抗心肌缺血等方面發揮重要作用(華曉雨等,2017;張建紅等,2018),已廣泛應用于醫藥、保健品、化妝品、食品和農藥等行業,但次生代謝產物通常含量低,因而限制了其研究與應用。作為藥用植物道地性的物質基礎,次生代謝產物的含量及種類通常被用于評價植物道地藥材質量的優劣(Liu et al.,2018;Wang et al.,2018)。生物(病原菌、害蟲、有益菌等)與非生物(干旱、鹽堿、重金屬、溫度等)因素可顯著影響植物次生代謝物的含量,尋找次生代謝合成途徑、關鍵酶基因及其機理已成為研究熱點。本研究就微生物介導植物次生代謝產物累積及在藥用植物中的作用機制進行綜述,不僅有助于闡明次生代謝產物累積的分子機制,還對藥用植物道地性成因及其質量調控研究具有參考價值。

1 病原菌介導植物次生代謝

植物次生代謝產物與植物的防御反應和被脅迫程度有密切關系。Brader等(2001)研究發現,胡蘿卜軟腐歐文氏菌(Erwinia carotovora)促進擬南芥3-吲哚基甲基芥子油苷增加;Huffaker等(2011)研究發現,禾谷鐮刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)接種玉米可合成萜類化合物;Stotz等(2011)研究發現,擬南芥受到核盤菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)侵染后可合成亞麻薺素,增加芥子油苷含量;龍月紅等(2012)研究發現,尖孢鐮孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)和角擔菌(Ceratoba-sidium spp.)在宿主刺五加體內可提高刺五加苷E含量1.86~5.23倍;Onrubia等(2013)研究發現,單胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)產生的植物毒素Coronatine使紫杉烷含量增加。植物次生代謝產物合成需要消耗很高能量,對植物本身也有一定的毒害作用,因此,植物次生代謝受到本身的嚴格調控,一般處于關閉或半關閉狀態,只有受到外界侵害時植物防御反應才會被激活而啟動次生代謝產物合成(楊欣等,2013;Xia et al.,2016)。藥用植物被病原菌感染后會出現病癥,甚至死亡,嚴重影響藥用植物的生產性能和品質。可見,利用病原菌介導植物次生代謝產物的累積作用具有不持久性和不安全性。

2 誘導子介導植物次生代謝

誘導子是一種特殊的觸發因子,分為生物誘導子和非生物誘導子,具有效率高、成本低和可操控性強等特點,其被廣泛應用于提高植物次生代謝產物含量。生物誘導子如細菌和真菌的菌絲體、菌絲體降解產物、發酵液及分泌物等;非生物誘導子包括金屬離子、茉莉酸甲酯、水楊酸、茉莉酸和乙烯等。由表1可知,誘導子能促使植物產生防御反應,從而誘導植物次生代謝產物的合成,其中,茉莉酸及茉莉酸衍生物是植物次生代謝物合成和積累最有效的誘導子。可見,直接應用誘導子能有效模擬外來病原菌脅迫因子誘導次生代謝產物合成。但誘導子容易被植物本身降解而快速失活,這種介導植物次生代謝產物累積作用更不持久。

3 內生菌介導植物次生代謝

內生菌廣泛存在于植物體內,其長期與宿主植物協同進化,不僅促進植物生長,還能持續性促進藥用植物活性成分累積,提高藥用植物的品質和產量,且不會引發宿主植物出現明顯感染癥狀(Cui et al.,2013;Chen et al.,2019)。目前研究發現,多粘類芽孢桿菌噴施和灌根處理的1~4年生人參中,9種單體皂苷加和值與同年人參比較,分別提高36.83%、44.52%、67.96%和79.44%;多粘類芽孢桿菌與死態人參共培養顯著提高了12種人參皂苷單體加和值含量,特別是稀有人參皂苷CK和Protopanaxadiol含量分別提高1.38和7.78倍(Gao et al.,2015;Ji et al.,2015)。由表2可知,利用內生菌模擬病原菌侵害因子來誘導植物次生代謝合成的防御反應,遠比生物侵害因子更安全、更可控和更持久,且經濟可靠效率高,應用前景更理想。

4 內生菌介導植物次生代謝產物累積的主要途徑

內生菌介導植物次生代謝產物累積的主要途徑可能包括:①內生菌直接產生各種化合物,成為宿主活性成分,或作為宿主的次生代謝產物前體再通過宿主合成酶催化合成活性成分,或被植物吸收調控,進而影響宿主次生代謝累積(Hassan and Mathesius,2012);②內生菌通過誘導子效應或橫向基因轉移等改變宿主基因表達和代謝途徑,導致相關基因活性的變化,進而介導某些次生代謝物的累積(Gluck-Thaler and Slot,2015);③內生菌可通過生物轉化作用對宿主化合物產生影響(Tian et al.,2014)。由內生菌促進植物次生代謝產物累積的主要途徑(表3)可知,內生菌介導植物次生代謝產物累積,在不同植物中可能存在各自不同的互作作用,內生菌與宿主互作介導次生代謝產物累積的分子機制還有待進一步研究。

5 展望

5. 1 內生菌與宿主植物互作機制研究現狀

內生菌與宿主植物互作機制存在馬賽克理論、獲得性免疫系統、外源性化學興奮效應及平衡對抗等假說(Venugopalan and Srivastava,2015;Khan et al.,2017)。其中,公認的平衡對抗假說認為,內生菌與宿主互作不同于病原菌,是其毒力因子與宿主防御反應間的平衡對抗,二者只有通過協同進化達到平衡才能長期共存,但實際上平衡維持機制遠比平衡對抗更復雜和精密(Raman and Suryanarayanan,2017)。研究發現,喜樹堿能抑制內生菌拓樸異構酶的活性,但同時內生菌能通過特有的氨基酸殘基結合在拓撲異構酶與喜樹堿結合的活性結構域,防止拓撲異構酶失活,進而免受自身或宿主產生的喜樹堿的抵抗,而不產生喜樹堿的內生菌通過直接編碼拓樸異構酶的方式來抵抗宿主喜樹堿活性(Kusari et al.,2012);內生菌單培養時,許多活性內生菌的活力不穩定,甚至逐步消失,該菌能產生喜樹堿的前體,但缺少來自宿主植物提供的活性成分合成酶,而無法合成活性成分。說明平衡對抗不僅存在二者之間橫向基因的簡單轉移(Kusari et al.,2011),還存在宿主植物同時與多種微生物間相互作用、同一宿主植物各內生菌間相互作用,加之體外試驗很難模擬其真實互作關系,這些難題在研究中均需排除或加以解決。

植物次生代謝產物的生物途徑只有在生物和非生物因子脅迫下才被激活。基因是酶的基礎,因此植物受到脅迫時,激發植物體內的細胞信號轉導通路先將信號傳遞給受脅迫的轉錄因子,提高mRNA的轉錄水平,進而誘導次生代謝物關鍵酶的表達。如促進人參皂苷合成的關鍵酶基因3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酰輔酶A還原酶基因(HMGR)、法尼基焦磷酸合酶基因(FPS)、達瑪烷二醇合酶基因(DS)、角鯊烯合成酶基因(SS)和角鯊烯環氧酶基因(SE)等,但內生菌介導人參單體皂苷的累積具體對應哪個關鍵酶基因尚不明確,需更深入探究。可見,闡明內生菌與宿主植物互作介導藥用植物活性成分單體累積的理論及信號通路等分子機制,更需要直接證據加以證明。

5. 2 確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝累積的分子機制建議

宿主植物同時與多種微生物間相互作用,同一宿主植物各微生物間也存在相互作用,導致體外試驗很難模擬其真實互作關系,而利用內生菌與宿主植物發根互作試驗材料,研究微生物介導植物次生代謝產物累積,既能模擬內生菌與植物間的真實互作關系,又能排除其他微生物的干擾。

首先,借助高通量測序與SSH聯用篩選內生菌介導藥用植物轉錄組的差異mRNA,且利用HPLC、TLC、IR、MS和NMR分析和鑒定藥用植物次生代謝產物單體,確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝產物累積的途徑和種類及其差異基因;其次,綜合藥用植物次生代謝單體和差異基因相關分析、Unigene注釋、差異基因結構分析及相關次生代謝途徑信息,篩選內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝產物累積的候選基因,再依次用qRT-PCR、原核表達、真核過表達和沉默表達驗證該候選基因功能,確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝產物累積的關鍵酶基因;最后,綜合Unigene蛋白互作網絡等分析和關鍵酶基因作用信號通路及相關次生代謝途徑信息,確定內生菌介導藥用植物次生代謝累積的分子機制。

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