代詞先行詞及其疑難關系代詞

郭鋮

摘要：在現代英語里，用作定語從句的先行詞一般為名詞。此外，還可以是不定代詞，人稱代詞，疑問代詞或指示代詞等。

（一）代詞先行詞

一、用作先行詞的不定代詞

1、表示物的不定代詞如：everything，anything，nothing， much，little等用作定語從句的先行詞時，企管系代詞一般用作that （常可省略）。例如：

There was nothing that a beetle could have lunch upon.（Dickens）

連甲蟲的中餐也沒有什么東西可吃。

I was much that was bad.

我見過許多壞東西。

在現代英語里，先行詞如果是something，其關系代詞也可用which，例如：

They seemed to be eating something which they had cooked on the fire.（SEFCBIP.191）

There is something which＼that keeps worrying me.

有一件事老使我不安。

2、表示人的不定代詞如somebody，anybody，everybody，nobody等用作定語從句的先行詞時，其關系代詞既可用that，又可用who，例如：

I need someone who＼that can do the work quickly.

我希望有個辦事利索的人。

Have you met anybody who＼that has been to America？

你遇見過去過美國的人嗎？

3、有些不定代詞如one，all，few，none等，既可指人，也可指物。指人時，其關系代詞可用who或that，指物時，一般用that，例如：

There are few who＼that have not heard of the Long March.

很少人沒聽說過長征。

Say all that you know and say it without reserve.

知無不言，言無不盡。

One who＼that does not trouble about his personal comfort is always respected.

不計較個人安逸的人總是受人尊敬。

As long as you stand up to the difficulties there are none that cannot be overcome.

只要敢于同困難作斗爭，那就沒有克服不了的困難。

二、用作先行詞的人稱代詞

用作先行詞的的人稱代詞一般為he，且常用于諺語，格言中，其關系代詞既可用who，又可用that，其中以who最為常見。例如：

He who sees what is right and does not do it is in want of courage.

見義不為無勇也。

He who knows others is learned and he who knows himself is wise.

知人者智，自知者明。

有時其他人稱代詞也是可以用作先行詞的。例如：

They who live longest will see most.

壽命最長，見識最廣。

三、用作先行詞的疑問代詞

用作先行詞的疑問代詞一般為who和what，其關系代詞常用that，例如：

Who that met premier Zhou was not impressed by his simplicity？

見過周總理的人誰不深深感到周總理平易近人嗎？

What that you have written in your composition is wonderful.

四、用作先行詞的指示代詞

用作先行詞的指示代詞一般為that，those，same，such既可指人，也可指物。Those指人時，其關系代詞多用who，也可用that；指物時，多用which，也可用that，例如：

He admires those who succeed.（Quirk）他羨慕那些獲得成功的人。

They are those that we love.他們是我們所喜愛的人。

The paintings of yours are more famous than those which you painted in France.（Leech）你現在畫的畫比你在法國時所畫的要著名些。

same，such用作先行詞時，其關系代詞只能用as，例如：

The weight of an object in space is not the same as its weighe on the surface of the earth.一個物體在太空中的重量與在地面上的不同。

UItrasonic sound is such as is inaudible to human ear.超音速的聲音是這樣一種人耳聽不見的聲音。

（二）疑難關系代詞

五、that，as，but疑難關系代詞

定語從句所修飾的先行詞指人或指物時，其關系代詞也是相應的使用who，that或which，但是當下列詞語作為先行詞時，應注意關系代詞的選擇。

1、下列幾種情況使用關系代詞that

1）當先行詞是不定代詞all，few，little，much，none，any時，通常用that作關系代詞，而不用which，例如：

All that can be done must be done.＼Only the scientist could understand all that this permit meant.

當先行詞指人時，關系代詞還用who，例如：

All who heard the story were amazed.＼This book contains much that is useful.＼She saw much that was bad.

There is none that dose not agree with us.沒有一個人不同意我們。

2）當先行詞為some，any，no等結構的不定代詞時，關系代詞用that不用which，例如：

You will miss something that may be important，（SB3p.55）＼Is there anything that I can do for you in town.

You must do everything that I do.（SBIAP.158）＼I am sure there is nothing that a woman cannot do.（SB1BP.17）但something作先行詞時，關系代詞也能用which，例如：

There is something which＼that keeps worrying me.

3）當指物的先行詞前有the very，（only，right...），no，any，all，every， little，some，much等修飾時，關系代詞多用that，例如：

All the apples that had fallen down were eaten by the birds andpigs.

4）當先行詞同時指人又指物時，關系代詞用that。例如：

He had a look at the children and parcels that filled the truck and came into the room.（SB3AP.26）

5）當句子開頭已有疑問詞who，which，where等提問時，關系代詞常用that。例如：

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper？（SB1AP.3）

2、下列情況使用as

1）當先行詞被such，the same修飾時，關系代詞要用as，從句子和主句中相同的成分均可省略。例如：

I should like to use the same instrument as is used in your lab.我想用你們實驗室所有相同的儀器。

2）as用著關系代詞時，能單獨引導非限制性定語從句，as代替整個主句或主句的部分內容。例如：

The elephant is like a snake，as anybody can see.

3、下列情況使用but

在no＼nobody＼nothing＼none...that...but+句子結構中，but是關系代詞，引導定語從句，并在從句中做主語，意思相當于who＼that...not。例如：

There is no man but（who dose not）knows the sun is larher than the earth.沒有一個人知道太陽比地球大。

No one in the school but has visited（who has not visited）調和Great Wall.這所學校人人都參觀過長城。