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人滋養層細胞侵襲力分子調節機制研究

2019-08-14 02:01:30黎陳陳指龍范秀軍楊青
醫學信息 2019年13期

黎陳 陳指龍 范秀軍 楊青

摘要:胎盤是妊娠過程中形成的暫時性的特異器官,它在母體和胎兒間起著重要的橋梁作用。滋養層細胞具有類似于腫瘤細胞遷移和浸潤的能力,作為胎盤組織的主要組成細胞之一,在胚胎植入、胎盤的形成和發育等許多生理過程中發揮著重要的作用,但同時也是多種毒素和病原微生物入侵時的靶細胞。滋養細胞侵入過度將導致絨毛膜癌等疾病的發生,浸潤不足則可能造成流產、子癇前期等妊娠期疾病。目前,諸多研究表明在胎盤形成過程中,有許多分子和信號通路參與對其滋養層細胞的調控,但滋養層細胞遷移與浸潤的具體機制尚不完全明確。本文對人滋養層細胞侵襲力分子調節機制進行了系統論述,旨在為研究病理性妊娠的發生、發展過程提供參考。

關鍵詞:人滋養層細胞;細胞遷移;細胞浸潤;胎盤

中圖分類號:R714.2? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 文獻標識碼:A? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2019.13.008

文章編號:1006-1959(2019)13-0021-04

Abstract:The placenta is a temporary specific organ formed during pregnancy, which plays an important role as a bridge between the mother and the fetus. Trophoblast cells have the ability to migrate and infiltrate tumor cells. As one of the main components of placental tissue, trophoblast cells play an important role in many physiological processes such as embryo implantation, placental formation and development, but also a variety of Target cells when toxins and pathogenic microorganisms invade. Invasion of trophoblasts will lead to diseases such as choriocarcinoma. Insufficient infiltration may cause diseases such as abortion and pre-eclampsia. At present, many studies have shown that many molecules and signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of trophoblast cells during placental formation, but the specific mechanism of trophoblast cell migration and infiltration is not completely clear. In this paper, the molecular regulation mechanism of human trophoblast cell invasiveness is systematically discussed, which is helpful to study the occurrence and development of pathological pregnancy.

Key words:Human trophoblast cells;Cell migration;Cell infiltration;Placenta

胎盤(placenta)是妊娠期間母體與胎兒進行氣體交換、營養供給和代謝產物排除的重要器官,人滋養細胞是其功能的主要承擔者,其不僅是人類胎盤的主要細胞之一,也是與母體蛻膜及其免疫活性細胞唯一接觸的胚胎細胞,外界因素主要通過此途徑影響胎兒的正常生長發育。細胞遷移與浸潤是生命體重要的基本功能,在腫瘤轉移和正常組織器官的生長發育中都起著關鍵作用。人滋養層細胞對胎兒與母體之間的密切聯系至關重要,滋養層細胞具體的侵入機制目前仍不清楚,但眾多機體內的分子、環境因素、藥物等均可對滋養細胞的遷移和浸潤產生影響,深入研究其作用及調節機制可以更加深刻地了解多種妊娠疾病的發生和發展過程。本文對人滋養層細胞侵襲力分子調節機制作一綜述,現報道如下。

1人滋養層細胞

在人類正常的妊娠過程中,滋養層細胞具有固定胎盤和胎兒的作用,其可分化成具有類似腫瘤細胞的高侵襲能力的絨毛外滋養層細胞,可侵入子宮肌層,協助胎盤重鑄血管,為胎兒發育提供必需的營養物質和氧氣[1]。但不同于腫瘤細胞,滋養細胞的侵襲是一種正常的、適度的生理行為,其受到母體的嚴格調控,具有時間性和空間性。浸潤行為在妊娠過程中僅持續至第5個月,并僅浸潤到子宮肌層的1/3處,以實現對母體子宮螺旋動脈進行改建并將胎兒錨定于母體子宮上[2]。當滋養層細胞暴露于一定的毒性威脅下,細胞侵襲能力可能發生改變[3,4]。目前研究發現,滋養層細胞增殖能力異常、細胞凋亡增加,致使細胞浸潤能力不足,從而導致的胎盤功能障礙是子癇前期發生的病理學基礎[5-7]。滋養層細胞功能異常可導致宮內生長受限、妊娠期高血壓、自然流產、早產和絨毛膜癌等妊娠相關疾病[8]。具體滋養層細胞分類見圖1。

3.6 Rho GTPases? Rho GTPases是Rho家族中的具有GTP酶活性的蛋白,其中研究最為詳細的3個成員是RhoA,Rac1和Cdc42,它通過控制細胞骨架的重組、微絲的組裝從而在細胞遷移過程中起到了關鍵的作用[28]。在人類胚胎滋養層細胞的體外實驗中發現,使用Rac1抑制劑或siRNA降低Rac1的表達可減弱HTR8/SVneo細胞的遷移能力。此外,Rac1和Cdc42在前列腺素介導的人類滋養細胞的遷移中也起關鍵作用[29]。

3.7金屬基質蛋白酶? 細胞對ECM和基膜的降解重塑是侵襲和轉移過程的一個重要環節,可通過激活蛋白酶導致細胞外基質酶的降解發揮重要作用。突破基膜是細胞浸潤的關鍵步驟。MMP是一組Ca2+、Zn2+依賴性內肽酶,它可通過蛋白水解作用降解ECM和基膜從而促進細胞的侵襲和轉移。目前,已發現20多種人MMP,而MMP2和MMP9及其抑制物金屬蛋白酶組織抑制劑被認為在人滋養層細胞的侵襲及轉移中起重要的作用[30]。實驗表明,藥物抑制或siRNA介導的MMP2/9基因敲除可減少滋養層細胞侵襲[31]。尾型同源盒基因1可以通過抑制MMP9的表達來限制HTR8/SVneo滋養層細胞的侵襲[32]。Chang WL等[33]研究發現,胎盤特異性蛋白1能促進人滋養層細胞的遷移和浸潤,其部分機制可能是由MMP9分泌導致。另外有研究發現,子癇前期患者可通過激活PI3K/Akt信號通路,上調MMP2和MMP9的表達,從而調節滋養層細胞的浸潤[34]。在滋養層細胞中,許多因子和MMP都有著緊密的聯系,研究表明,IL-11、KLF8等均可通過影響MMP的表達影響HTR8/SVneo細胞的遷移和浸潤[35,36]。

4 總結

目前,在許多妊娠疾病中滋養層細胞的遷移和浸潤影響著妊娠結局,隨著諸多生物標志物被發現,這些生物標志物與正常人滋養層細胞遷移與浸潤的機制密不可分,但其中的具體作用及問題亟待解決。人滋養層細胞作為胎盤組織中最重要的細胞之一,Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/Akt、MAPKs、自噬、FAK、Rho GTPases和金屬基質蛋白酶等眾多信號通路和分子都將參與并影響人滋養層細胞的侵襲。通過研究人滋養層細胞遷移和浸潤的機制有助于進一步闡明其具體的生理現象,同時也為許多妊娠疾病的診斷和藥物開發提供更多新的思路。

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收稿日期:2019-3-19;修回日期:2019-3-29

編輯/杜帆

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