包尖碑包豪斯百年紀(jì)念博物館競(jìng)賽設(shè)計(jì)方案，德國(guó)德紹

朱文一

100年前的1919年，包豪斯創(chuàng)立。最近為了紀(jì)念包豪斯100周年，位于德國(guó)德紹市的包豪斯德紹基金會(huì)組織了“包豪斯百年紀(jì)念博物館競(jìng)賽”。競(jìng)賽收到800多份來自世界各地的競(jìng)賽方案，中選方案已經(jīng)按計(jì)劃建成。

在包豪斯附近通過設(shè)計(jì)來紀(jì)念包豪斯100周年，是一項(xiàng)極大的挑戰(zhàn)。因?yàn)榘浪贡旧泶淼氖莿?chuàng)新，而百年紀(jì)念則是對(duì)過往的回顧和懷念（圖1），這很矛盾。100年來，包豪斯風(fēng)格已經(jīng)遍布世界，并且仍然具有旺盛的生命力。也就是說，今天絕大部分正在建設(shè)的建筑幾乎都在包豪斯美學(xué)的覆蓋之下。這本身就體現(xiàn)了包豪斯的創(chuàng)新理念，也是對(duì)包豪斯最好的紀(jì)念。

本文主要介紹朱文一工作室提交的名為“包尖碑”（Bau-Belisk）的設(shè)計(jì)競(jìng)賽方案，并以此來紀(jì)念偉大的包豪斯100周年。該方案在紀(jì)念建筑形式、保留公園綠地以及結(jié)合德紹城市未來發(fā)展等方面進(jìn)行了探索。

第一，以建筑的方式紀(jì)念百年包豪斯，不可回避建筑的“紀(jì)念性”（Monumental）問題。朱文一工作室提交的方案以紀(jì)念性很強(qiáng)的方尖碑形式為原型設(shè)計(jì)“包尖碑”（Bau-Belisk）來突出包豪斯在人類建筑歷史上的偉大功績(jī)（圖2）。以擁有幾千年歷史的紀(jì)念性建筑類型方尖碑來紀(jì)念百年歷史的包豪斯，是對(duì)任何建筑事件的極大尊重。

第二，高120m的“包尖碑”表皮上采用康定斯基著名的抽象繪畫為形象，在碑身上設(shè)計(jì)格羅皮烏斯陽臺(tái)和密斯玻璃窗。在碑尖則以大面積通透玻璃營(yíng)造指向未來的意象（圖3）。博物館所有的展藏、工作坊、臨時(shí)展覽等功能空間在垂直方向上排布。在90m高的碑尖專門設(shè)置了兩層觀景平臺(tái)，為鳥瞰整座德紹城市增添了一處絕佳的觀景點(diǎn)（圖4—圖6）。

第三，博物館選址在德紹城中心斯塔德公園（Stadtpark），僅占地400m2（20m×20m）?！鞍獗狈桨笌缀醣３至税ㄋ袠淠驹趦?nèi)的現(xiàn)狀公園環(huán)境，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)綠色生態(tài)的最大尊重。借鑒康定斯基繪畫設(shè)計(jì)的公園地面圖案及增添了紀(jì)念的氛圍，又滿足了“包尖碑”可達(dá)性的要求，同時(shí)將“包尖碑”與其周圍環(huán)境巧妙地整合在一起（圖7）。

圖1 / Figure 1現(xiàn)代建筑大師群英會(huì) / The council of masters, 1926.Souce: Bauhaus Museum Dessau - Auslobung Competition Brief March 2015

圖2 / Figure 2“包尖碑”設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)想A concept of Bau-Belisk

第四，德紹正在實(shí)施一項(xiàng)旨在增加城市綠色的400m2計(jì)劃，即所謂“400m2德紹”。該計(jì)劃要求以20m×20m方塊的地段為單位進(jìn)行綠植，以此來挖掘城市綠色的潛力?！鞍獗狈桨竿耆谌搿?00m2德紹”計(jì)劃，在占地20m×20m的方塊地段上豎起一座方尖碑，并在碑頂進(jìn)行綠植（圖8）。

德紹城擁有多座不同高度、各種類型的塔，“包尖碑”則成為德紹由塔構(gòu)成的高點(diǎn)空間結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。

圖片來源

Figure Sources

文中圖片均為朱文一工作室提供

All figures are provided by ZHU Wenyi Atelier

FULL TEXTS TRANSLATED FROM CHINESE

100 years ago, in 1919, Bauhaus was founded. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Bauhaus,the Bauhaus Dessau Foundation in Dessau, Germany, organized the “Bauhaus Museum Dessau Competition”. The competition received more than 800 competition programs from all over the world,and the winner entry was completed as planned this year.

Designing to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Bauhaus near Bauhaus is a great challenge.Because Bauhaus itself represents innovation, and the centennial is a review and nostalgia for the past(Figure 1). This is very contradictory. For over 100 years, Bauhaus style has been around the world and still has a strong vitality. That is to say, most of the buildings under construction today are almost covered by Bauhaus aesthetics. This in itself reflects Bauhaus‘s innovative ideas and is the best commemoration of the Bauhaus.

This article mainly introduces the design competition proposal named “Bao-Belisk” submitted by ZHUWENYI Studio to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the great Bauhaus. The proposal explored the architectural forms, the preservation of park green spaces, and the future development of the city of Dessau:

First, to commemorate the century-old Bauhaus in the form of architecture, we had to face the“Monumental” topic of architecture. The proposal designed the “Bao-Belisk” in the form of a commemorative obelisk to highlight Bauhaus‘s great achievements in the history of human architecture (Figure 2). To commemorate the century-old Bauhaus with an obelisk of thousands of years of monumental architectural typology is a great respect for any architecture and architect.

Secondly, the 120cm high museum is based on Kandinsky‘s famous abstract painting, and the Gropius balcony and Mies glass window are designed on the facades. At the tip of the museum, a large area of transparent glass is used to create an image that points to the future (Figure 3). All the museum‘s exhibition spaces, workshops, temporary exhibitions and other functional spaces are arranged in the vertical direction. A two-story viewing platform has been set up at the 90m high point of the museum, adding a superb view of the entire city of Dessau (Figure 4-Figure 6).

圖3 / Figure 3“包尖碑”設(shè)計(jì)方案Proposal Bau-Belisk

Third, the museum is located in the Stadtpark in the heart of Dessau, covering only 400m2(20m×20m). The proposal has fully maintained park environment that includes all trees, expressing the greatest respect for the greens. Drawing on the park ground pattern designed by Kandinsky paintings and adding a commemorative atmosphere, it meets the requirements of the accessibility of the museum, and at the same time subtly integrates the museum with its surroundings (Figure 7).

Fourth, Dessau is implementing a 400m2plan to increase urban greens, the so-called “400m2Dessau”. The plan requires green plants in units of 20m×20m squares to tap the potential of urban green. The proposal is fully integrated into the“400m2Dessau” project, erecting an obelisk on a 20m×20m land and carrying out green plants on the top of the museum (Figure 8).

Dessau has a number of towers of different heights and types, and the “Bao-Belisk” museum may be part of the towers of Dessau city.

圖5 / Figure 5剖面圖 / Section

圖6 / Figure 6平面圖 / Plans

圖7 / Figure 7地景設(shè)計(jì)Landscape Design

圖8 / Figure 8 400m2德紹計(jì)劃中的包尖碑方案Proposal Bau-Belisk in 400m2Dessau Project