陳繼勇 徐文亮 鄭 杰
(成都地鐵運營有限公司,610058,成都∥第一作者,工程師)
地鐵35 kV中壓環網數字通信電流保護能適應多級串行供電系統,具有“絕對選擇性”,解決了傳統保護的級差配合難題,適應地鐵實際運行環境,可有效實現地鐵中壓環網大分區供電。其在供電方式調整時能自動適應“正常供電”和“支援供電”兩種運行方式,保護定值不再需要進行調整,為地鐵線路快速恢復供電提供了有力保障。此外,數字通信電流保護的優越性也對校驗保護方案的完整性提出了更高的要求。如何對新建線路中壓環網數字通信電流保護進行全面測試校驗,為地鐵開通運營保駕護航,是研究此項技術現場應用的關鍵。
地鐵交流供電系統采用環網供電方式,每個變電所設置環網進出線開關柜,并在進出線開關柜設置線網電纜及母線保護。如圖1所示,數字通信電流保護常用近區加速實現,采用雙差動保護形式,即后備保護裝置也兼具差動功能。站內進、出線柜后備保護裝置用硬接線連接,傳遞故障定位a信號;站間差動保護及后備保護裝置用光纖連接,傳遞過流同步開放信號。正常運行過程中過流Ⅲ段永久運行,過流Ⅰ段處于閉鎖狀態,通過a信號判斷是否開放過流Ⅰ段。在后備保護中,定義內部故障定位信號a,當本柜后備保護裝置差動未啟動且檢測到大電流時定義a=1,反之a=0。本柜a=1且對側后備裝置a=0時解鎖本柜過流Ⅰ段。同時通過后備光纖通道將過流開放信息發送至對端開關柜,開放對端后備裝置過流Ⅰ段,成為下級站開關失靈的后備保護。所內饋線及母聯保護裝置不參與數字通信,通過常規時間級差實現保護選擇性,動態級差確保不越級動作。當供電方向發生改變時,進、出線柜功能互換,保護功能不變,故障定位信號自動與之匹配,鎖定故障范圍。
傳統的繼電保護測試儀主要應用于供電系統中單體設備單裝置保護功能的精準校驗,在電力系統及地鐵供電系統應用極為廣泛。目前國內主流品牌的繼電保護測試儀售價為15萬~20萬元不等。隨著數字通信電流保護技術在地鐵環網供電系統的廣泛應用,其保護實現原理決定了保護校驗的特殊性,而傳統的繼電保護測試儀無法實現多臺設備聯機同步輸出功能,不能對數字通信電流保護進行全面的測試校驗。
由于數字通信電流保護的選擇性涉及多個變電所邏輯的同步判斷,任一環節出錯將導致供電分區內出現越級跳閘,所以實現邏輯功能的完整校驗是數字通信電流保護得以可靠應用的關鍵。考慮到地鐵變電所所屬地下環境以及保護方法的差異性,基于GPS(全球定位系統)、光纖B碼等對時技術的多站同步輸出測試儀,為數字通信電流保護校驗提供了新的測試思路。新型的繼電保護測試儀在傳統測試儀的基礎上集成配置了對時模塊,僅增加約5 000~8 000元的費用,便可以實現多機同步輸出功能;同時可充分利用地鐵環網特有的站間差動預留光纖,實現繼電保護測試儀多站同步信號發送接收,從而解決了環網供電系統站間同步聯調的難題。

圖1 環網進出線開關柜保護配置圖
多站同步加量測試可完全模擬實際運營期間的各類型環網故障點位,以單元化的測試思路,在多站保護裝置進行故障邏輯同步判斷,從而實現保護邏輯站內、站間的同步校驗。
現場測試以地鐵A、B、C三站同Ⅰ(Ⅱ)段母線為測試單元,A、B站放置同步加量測試儀器。利用站間預留的差動光纖實現模塊時鐘同步,通過設定統一輸出時間實現繼電保護測試儀同步加量。測試順序以主變電所或開閉所電源出線為測試起點A站,測試主站為B站,逐站推進;每一座變電站均在測試過程中成為主站。
結合當前保護原理及測試方法,本文對典型故障實際測試方法及邏輯判斷進行分析。
如圖2所示,測試時,在A站103開關柜(以下簡為103,余類同)加故障電流I,時長0.4 s,硬線開入模擬103收到站內101的a=1信號;在B站101和103加故障電流I,時長0.4 s。

圖2 區間環網故障示意圖
觀察分析B站103和C站101的差動裝置、后備裝置差動是否同時動作。B站103差動啟動且有大電流a=0,B站101差動未啟動且有大電流a=1,因此101開放過流Ⅰ段,同時軟件開放A站103過流Ⅰ段。模擬A站103收到站內101發出的a=1信號,上級站接收到大電流且差動未啟動的信息,即表明來電方向在A站。因測試加量時間0.4 s,即可模擬B站103和C站101的差動裝置、后備裝置差動動作已將故障可靠切除。A站103和B站101過流Ⅰ段保護出口延時未達到,保護立即返回。模擬B站斷路器失靈,測試方法同上,通過對調整加量時長至0.6 s,模擬B站103切除故障失敗,由后備保護A站103和B站101過流I段動作出口跳閘。
如圖3所示,測試時在A站103加故障電流I,時長0.6 s,硬線開入模擬103收到站內101的a=1信號;在B站101和103加故障電流I,時長0.6 s。
103過流Ⅰ段開放邏輯分析過程同BC環網故障。因測試加量時間0.6 s,即模擬A站103和B站101過流Ⅰ段動作出口跳閘。因A站103和B站101過流Ⅰ段保護同步開放,當B站101斷路器失靈后故障點仍可通過A站103予以可靠切除。

圖3 站內母線故障示意圖
如圖4所示,測試時在A站103加故障電流I,時長0.25 s,硬線開入模擬103收到站內101的a=1信號;在B站101和111加故障電流I,時長0.25 s。
B站101和A站103過流I段開放邏輯分析同BC環網故障。因測試加量時間0.25 s,即模擬B站111過流保護動作出口跳閘。因A站103和B站101過流I段保護同步開放,當B站111斷路器失靈,故障點仍通過A站103和B站101同步可靠切除。

圖4 站內饋線故障示意圖

圖5 站內II段母線故障示意圖
如圖5所示,測試時在A站103加故障電流I,時長0.4 s,硬線開入模擬103收到站內101的a=1信號;在B站101和110加故障電流I,時長0.4 s。
B站101和A站103過流I段開放邏輯測試分析同BC環網故障。因測試加量時間0.4 s,即模擬B站110過流保護動作已將故障切除。A站103和B站101過流I段動作延時未達到立即返回。模擬B站母聯110斷路器失靈,測試方法不變,通過對調整加量時長至0.6 s,模擬B站母聯110切除故障失敗,由A站103和B站101過流I段動作出口跳閘。
供電系統是地鐵新線建設的先頭工程和重點工程。一旦環網帶電,各專業調試將全面展開,再次大面積停電調試將嚴重影響其他專業的調試工作。因此,應充分把握環網保護調試時間,系統性地驗證各保護動作的關鍵故障點。為使環網保護能得以成功應用,離不開與之匹配的測試方法,應充分發掘利用新技術、新設備來打破傳統的測試思路。多站同步加量測試技術在地鐵供電系統的成功應用,從系統安全運行的角度來分析模擬故障點位的發生,通過全面性的功能驗證,保證了地鐵中壓環網供電系統的可靠穩定運行,進而為地鐵運營提供最有力的保障。
(收稿日期:2017-08-21)
(Continued from Commentary)
aging and generating a lot of failures,which need to be overhauled and refurbished.When it comes to signaling,due to the limitations of system mode,i.e.track circuit or intermittent ATP,or the aging of the existing system,the demand of ever growing ridership can no longer be efficiently fulfilled.
The modernization of an existing line is more complex than building a new line and faces multiple challenges.For example,we have to ensure the operation of the existing line and take the new system into consideration to allow for interfaces.Technical solutions may vary as cities are different from each other in terms of network,ridership,and signaling system.Globally speaking,in UK where the world′s earliest metro was built,the London 4 LM (Lines mondernization) is the world′s most complicated modernization project.In China,Shanghai Line 5 is the first urban rail line where operation,renovation,and construction were fulfilled at the same time.
The difficulty of resignaling resides in two aspects.Firstly,the new system replacing the old one should be as robust as the system for a new line.However,due to the constraints of the infrastructure of the existing line,many issues have to be tackled creatively.Secondly,resignaling cannot impact service or should at least keep the impact to the minimum.As there are many times of switchovers between the old and the new system,we have to ensure both safety and efficiency of commissioning.This makes it even more demanding fro system development,site deployment,and construction planning.Take Shanghai Line 5 for example.The line was originally opened in 2003.The equipment was aging and the intermittent ATP system could no longer meet the requirement of ever increasing ridership.The resignaling of Shanghai Line 5 includes not only the replacement of the the signaling system but also adding 6-car trains to run in mixed operation with the existing 4-car trains,as well as the installation of platform screen doors and renovation of auxiliary tracks.In the meanwhile,the south extension was carried out.The resignaling should have no impact on the service of the existing line.TST′s local innovation TSTCBTC?2.0 was selected for Shanghai Line 5.The system′s dual CBTC architecture enhances the core functions of signaling and helps achieve higher availability.Less wayside equipment is required,which reduces the conflict of space for outdoor facilities and suits the reality of opening in different sections and in different time.With no service disruption,the cutover between the old and new signaling system was successfully completed in Oct,2018 after more than 500 days of commissioning and over 1 000 switchovers.By the end of 2018,Shanghai Line 5 went into full line service.
The network of urban rail transport in China′s mega cities and big cities is becoming more and more mature.We are expecting fewer new lines in the future,whilst modernization of existing lines will become the new normal.Besides Shanghai,Tianjin,Dalian,Chongqing,and Guangzhou either have lines modernized or are planning for it.For urban rail operators and system integrators,it is an all-time focus of safe and efficient operation.How to ensure continuous operation with a highly available system and how to upgrade the system through highly safe modernization with little risk are what we all need to think about.The resignaling and south extension of Shanghai Line 5 made many ground-breaking achievements,providing a lot of experience that can be shared to the industry.This also sets the stage for the standardization of urban rail modernization in China.