邁向教育強(qiáng)國(guó)之路

文/五花肉

伯樂(lè)與千里馬的千古佳話總是為人津津樂(lè)道。孰不知，如果沒(méi)有成熟的教育體制批量培養(yǎng)千里馬，伯樂(lè)縱有識(shí)珠慧眼，也最終將陷入無(wú)良駒可選的窘境。

People take delight in talking about the eternal story of Bole and the winged steed. However, without the mature education system fostering a large number of winged steeds, although Bole was good at recognizing the winged steed, he could be in a dilemma that no steed is available.

出仕引領(lǐng)官學(xué)

Official Schools Fostered the Officials

中國(guó)古代教育體制最早可追溯至西周，由官學(xué)主導(dǎo)，自漢代起漸成體系，出現(xiàn)以傳授儒家學(xué)說(shuō)為核心的統(tǒng)一學(xué)制，奠定了“忠君尊孔”的教學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。后歷經(jīng)隋唐的發(fā)展，至明清趨于成熟，“儲(chǔ)才以應(yīng)科目”，出仕成為當(dāng)時(shí)官學(xué)的核心任務(wù)。

The earliest education system of ancient China can be traced back to Western Zhou Dynasty, when the official schools were dominant. Since Han Dynasty,it gradually formed a system. A uniform education system with the core of imparting the knowledge of Confucianism emerged, establishing the teaching standards of "Be loyal to the emperor and respect Confucius". After the development of Sui and Tang and academy of classical learning, were beginning to emerge, which tend to focus more on art and technical education.

Dynasties, this system entered its mature stage during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Reserving talents for imperial examination", fostering offcials was the core task of offcial schools at that time.

官私并舉成型

Official Schools and Private Schools DevelopedSimultaneously

明清時(shí)期，官學(xué)建設(shè)日益標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，建立了中央國(guó)子監(jiān)和地方鄉(xiāng)學(xué)兩級(jí)架構(gòu)。作為官學(xué)的補(bǔ)充，更加注重藝術(shù)、技術(shù)教育，以私塾、書(shū)院為代表的私學(xué)開(kāi)始興起，官私并舉的教育體制自此成型。

During Ming and Qing Dynasties, the construction of official schools was gradually standardized, and established two-level governmental educational institution hierarchies which were central official school and local offcial school. To supplement offcial schools, private schools, represented by private tutor

隨著科舉被廢黜，民國(guó)時(shí)期的教育采用了全新的“壬子癸丑”學(xué)制，首次提出普通、職業(yè)、師范三大教育體系，教育內(nèi)容以人文科學(xué)、自然科學(xué)和職業(yè)技能為主，這也被視為現(xiàn)代學(xué)制的開(kāi)端。

With imperial examination was deposed, education in the Republic of China era applied the ren-zi-gui-chou school system, first proposed general, vocational and normal educations mainly focusing the natural science and professional skill training. It is regarded as the beginning of the modern school system.

倡導(dǎo)終身教育

Advocating the Philosophy of Lifelong Education

1949年建國(guó)后，我國(guó)教育事業(yè)邁入高質(zhì)量發(fā)展的快車(chē)道，確立了學(xué)前教育、初等教育、中等教育、高等教育的四等標(biāo)準(zhǔn)學(xué)制，統(tǒng)一教學(xué)大綱，發(fā)布《普通高等學(xué)校本科專(zhuān)業(yè)類(lèi)教學(xué)質(zhì)量國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》，強(qiáng)調(diào)多學(xué)科、多領(lǐng)域并重發(fā)展，相繼提出“211工程”“985工程”及“一流大學(xué)和一流學(xué)科建設(shè)”的高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)建設(shè)要求，逐步建立、完善成人繼續(xù)教育機(jī)制，為不同類(lèi)型、不同需求的社會(huì)工作者提供多層次的終身教育機(jī)會(huì)，持續(xù)推進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)型社會(huì)建設(shè)。

Since 1949, China has stepped into a fast and highquality development period, set up a four-grade education system including preschool education,elementary education, secondary education and higher education, published the national standards on general institutes of higher education's teaching quality of undergraduate major, highlighting multi-disciplinary and multi-field development.Besides, China put forward Project 211, Project 985 and Double First-rate strategic plan, gradually built up and perfected the continuing education,which provides multi-layered lifetime education opportunity for social workers with different needs and promotes the building of a learning society.

結(jié) 語(yǔ)

Conclusion

從“學(xué)而優(yōu)則仕”到“高質(zhì)量發(fā)展”，在我國(guó)教育事業(yè)發(fā)展的不同歷史時(shí)期，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化理念始終潛移默化地助推教育目標(biāo)、教育體制和教育內(nèi)容轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)，為中華民族偉大復(fù)興奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的人才基礎(chǔ)。

From "a good scholar will make an offcial" to "highquality development", throughout the different historical stages of China's education development,standardization always has an imperceptible impact on the transformation and upgrading of educational objectives, education system and educational content, laying a solid talent foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.