西南實業大廈：重慶又一愛國主義教育基地

□ 文/胡先福 唐綱 楊云霞

位于白象街的西南實業大廈經過復建后于2016年5月19日開館，成為了重慶又一個愛國主義教育基地。那么，其中有怎樣的一段歷史呢？今天，我們一起去看看。

Located in Baixiang Street, The Southwest Industrial Mansion reopened on May 19, 2016 and became another patriotic education base in Chongqing. Therefore, what has happened here in the history? Today, let’s take a look.

商賈云集的白象街

白象街位于渝中區下半城，東起望龍門，西抵太平門，是一條寬約4米、長約425米的臨江背街。這里曾是重慶通往長江上游重要的水碼頭。1890年3月，重慶作為通商口岸對外開放，白象街成了商賈云集之地。中國愛國實業家盧作孚、“鋼鐵巨擘”胡子昂，以及晚清西南首富李耀庭等都曾在這里聚集。

1937年7月，抗日戰爭全面爆發，11月，國民政府移駐重慶。1938年4月，各抗日黨派、民眾團體、駐華使館、新聞媒體、學校等相繼入駐重慶，沿海民族工業也相繼內遷重慶、四川、貴州等地。工業的西遷，成為我國民族工業的一次愛國壯舉，改變了中國工業布局，也成為西南地區現代工業的開始。比如，兵工署第二十四工廠（現“特殊鋼廠”）于1937年1月在重慶磁器口重建，鋼鐵廠遷建委員會（今“重鋼集團”）于1938年3月在大渡口、綦江等地重建，新民機器廠、合作五金制造有限公司于1938年在小龍坎重建，中國化學工業社于1938年在李家沱重建，中國鉛筆廠股份有限公司于1938年11月在菜園壩正街重建，天原化工廠、天利氮廠、天盛陶器廠于1938年相繼在江北貓兒石等地重建。

① 位于渝中區白象街的西南實業大廈—中國民主建國會成立舊址陳列館，現已成為重慶又一愛國主義教育基地。

② 1939年9月19日，中國西南實業協會代表大會在重慶交通銀行召開。

1938年初至1944年，日本對重慶及周邊地區進行了近7年的無差別轟炸。為更好地支援抗戰、振興民族工業、發展戰時經濟，內遷民族工商業人士先后在重慶成立了遷川工廠聯合會和西南實業協會等社團組織。其中，遷川工廠聯合會于1938年4月17日成立，到1943年會員最多時達237家，分別來自鋼鐵、電氣、機械、染織等行業。

Baixiang Street, where merchants meet

Located in the lower half of Yuzhong District, Baixiang Street starts from Wanglongmen in the east and ends at Taipingmen in the west. It is a back valley with a width of about 4 meters and a length of about 425 meters by the riverside. It used to be an important water terminal to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River from Chongqing. In March 1890, Chongqing was opened to the world as a trading port, and Baixiang Street since became a gathering place for merchants, including Lu Zuofu, the Chinese patriotic industrialist, Hu Zi’ang, the Thumb in Steel Industry, and Li Yaoting, the richest man in the southwest of the late Qing Dynasty.

In July 1937, the Anti-Japanese War broke out in full swing.In November, the National Government moved to Chongqing. In April 1938, various anti-Japanese parties, mass organizations,embassies in China, news media, and schools successively settled in Chongqing, and national industries in coastal areas also moved to Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou and other places. The westward movement of industries has become a patriotic feat in the China’s national industry, changing the industrial layout of China and heralding the beginning of modern industry in the Southwest.For example, the 24th factory of the Bureau of Ordnance (now“Chongqing Special Steel Co., Ltd.”) was rebuilt in Ciqikou,Chongqing in January 1937, the Steel Plant Relocation Committee(now “Chongqing Iron & Steel (Group) Co., Ltd.”) was rebuilt in Dadukou and Qijiang in March 1938, Xinmin Machine Factory and Cooperative Hardware Manufacturing Co., Ltd. were rebuilt in Xiaolongkan in 1938, China Chemical Industry Corporation was rebuilt in Lijiatuo in 1938, and China Pencil Factory Co., Ltd. was rebuilt in Caiyuanba Main Street in November 1938, as well as a number of other plants were successively rebuilt in Miaoershi and other places in 1938, including Tianyuan Chemical Plant, Tianli Nitrogen Plant and Tiansheng Pottery Plant.

From the beginning of 1938 to 1944, Japan conducted indiscriminate bombings in Chongqing and its surrounding areas for nearly seven years. In order to better support the war of resistance, revitalize the national industry, and develop the wartime economy, the national industrialists and merchants who moved to the inland have successively established the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan and the Southwest Industrial Association in Chongqing. Among them, the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan was established on April 17, 1938. By 1943, the number of members have reached 237, which were from industries like steel, electricity, machinery, as well as dyeing and weaving.

成立西南實業協會

西南實業協會的成立就要曲折一些。1937年底，全國工業協會理事長、“味精大王”吳蘊初和中華職業教育學校校長潘仰堯等“星五聚餐會”成員，最先在上海為討論西南地區開廠事宜，草創了“中國西南實業協會”。

這里提到的“星五聚餐會”要追溯到1928年了。1928至1929年，上海機制國貨工廠聯合會在日本貨大量傾銷、中國產品滯銷、廠商資金周轉困難情況下，每個月最后一個星期五，該會執行委員和監察委員中國化學工業社總經理方液仙、美亞織綢廠總經理蔡星白、新民機器廠經理兼上海機器同業公會主任委員胡厥文等25人共聚晚餐，討論如何相互合作推銷國貨。隨著中國銀行總經理張公權、奉天省（今遼寧省）總商會副會長杜重遠等的加入，參加人數增多，影響增大，故名“星五聚餐會”。

沿海民族工業西遷后的1939年9月19日，草創的“中國西南實業協會”全國各地分會代表在重慶交通銀行召開了代表大會，正式成立西南實業協會。此后，“星五聚餐會”也成為了西南實業協會的一項重要會務活動，1945年初開始固定在西南實業大廈舉行，至1948年，共舉行了四百余次。“星五聚餐會”每次講演者數人，內容廣泛，對當時經濟信息、經濟理論、經濟政策、實業生產、國際經濟形勢等各方面進行介紹，或針對實業界存在的問題進行分析，并提出不少意見和建議。參與者除民族工商業者，還有學者名流、國民黨黨政要員、金融界知名人士以及中共南方局領導等。

1945年10月19日，周恩來應邀在西南實業大廈作演講。圖為陳文士創作油畫。

1945年10月19日，周恩來受邀在西南實業大廈“星五聚餐會”上發表了《當前經濟大勢》的演講。演講近3個小時，周恩來從政治環境、資本問題、發展問題、稅收問題、勞資問題等5個方面，公開、全面地闡釋了中國共產黨的新民主主義經濟綱領和政策，明確提出“國家資本、合作資本、私人資本在節制資本的原則下互相配合”，重申了共產黨“反對官僚資本、壟斷資本、侵略資本”的態度，要求“關稅應當保護民族工業”“工人和民族工業均受壓迫，應當互讓，共求發展”。這次演講，對爭取民族工商界參加新民主主義革命斗爭，產生了極大的影響。民國時期上海各界救國聯合會總干事胡子嬰在《山城憶舊》中說：“會員都來了，座無虛席，非會員也來得不少，站在窗外，戶限為穿。”

The Establishment of Southwest Industrial Association

The establishment of the Southwest Industrial Association encountered a bit of twists and turns. At the end of 1937, Wu Yunchu, the chairman of the National Industrial Association and the King of MSG, and Pan Yangyao, the president of the Chinese Vocational Education School, and other members of the“Friday Dinner Party” first set up the “China Southwest Industrial Association” in Shanghai to discuss about opening factories in the southwest.

The “Friday Dinner Party” mentioned here can be traced back to 1928. From 1928 to 1929, in the case of massive dumping of Japanese goods, slow sales of Chinese products, and difficulties in the turnover of manufacturers’ funds, the Shanghai Federation of Factories with Machines Produced National Commodities would hold a dinner on the last Friday of each month to discuss how to cooperate with each other to promote domestic products, which was participated by 25 people, including the Fang Yexian, the executive committee member and supervisor of the association and the general manager of the China Chemical Industry Factory,Cai Xingbai, the general manager of Meiya Silk Weaving Factory,Hu Juewen, the manager of Xinmin Machine Factory and chairman of Shanghai Machinery Industry Association. With the join of Zhang Gongquan, the general manager of the Bank of China,and Du Zhongyuan, the vice president of the General Chamber of Commerce in Fengtian Province (now Liaoning Province), the number of participants increased and the influence also enhanced.Hence, the name of the dinner was called “Friday Dinner Party”.

On September 19, 1939, after the coastal national industry moved westward, the representatives of the “China Southwest Industrial Association” across China held a congress in Chongqing Bank of Communications to formally establish the Southwest Industrial Association. Since then, the “Friday Dinner Party” has also become an important event in the Southwest Industrial Association. It was held in the Southwest Industrial Mansion since early 1945, and has been held more than 400 times till 1948. The“Friday Dinner Party” has several speakers each time, who will cover a wide range of topics, including economic information,economic theory, economic policy, industrial production, and international economic situation, or analyze the problems existing in the industry and put forward a lot of comments and suggestions.Apart from the national businessmen and industrialists, participants also include scholars and celebrities, Kuomintang party and government officials, prominent figures in the financial sectors and leaders of the Southern Bureau of the Communist Party.

On October 19, 1945, Zhou Enlai was invited to give a speech on the topic of “The Current Economic Trend” at the “Friday Dinner Party” in the Southwest Industrial Mansion. During the nearly three hours of speech, Zhou Enlai publicly and comprehensively explained the new democratic economic guidelines and policies of the Communist Party of China from five aspects: political environment, capital issues, development issues, taxation issues,labor and capital issues, clearly stated that “state capitals,cooperative capitals and private capitals should cooperate with each other under the principle of capital regulation, reiterated the Communist Party’s attitude of “opposing bureaucratic capitals, monopoly capitals, and aggressive capitals”, and demanding that “tariffs should protect national industries” and “the oppressed workers and national industries should make mutual exchanges and seek common development.” This speech has had a tremendous impact on national industrial and commercial circles by attracting them to participate in the new-democratic revolutions. During the period Republic of China, Hu Ziying, the Director-General of the National Salvation Federation of Shanghai,said in the Reminiscence of the Mountain City: “Members have all come, and all seats are occupied. Non-members also come in a large number, who are standing outside the window to watch.”

民建：從西南實業大廈誕生的參政黨

抗戰后期，國統區通貨不斷膨脹，物價急劇上漲，民族工商業飽受管制、限價、重稅以及貪官污吏的壓榨勒索。抗戰勝利后，國民政府允許美貨大量傾銷，取消訂貨合同、停止原料供應，使民族工商業身陷困境，發展舉步維艱。1945年10月遷川工廠聯合會、西南實業協會等團體推舉當時在實業界非常有影響的胡厥文、胡西園、吳羹梅為請愿團代表，面見宋子文和蔣介石，陳述工業界危機及解救辦法。但代表的要求仍然沒有被答應，民族工商業感到極度失望。

面對中國兩種前途、兩種命運的選擇，基于共產黨政策的影響和對當時局勢的認識判斷，著名民主人士、教育家黃炎培，民族實業家、遷川工廠聯合會理事長胡厥文，經濟學家章乃器等一批愛國民族工商業者和與其有聯系的知識分子，為團結自救、爭取光明前途，發起籌組民主建國會（1952年7月民主建國會第二次總會擴大會議更名為中國民主建國會，簡稱“民建”）。1945年12月16日，民主建國會成立大會在西南實業大廈召開，旗幟鮮明地提出世界要和平、國家要民主、經濟要發展、社會要公平、教育要普及、文化要繁榮的政治主張。

民建作為一個新的政黨出現在中國政治舞臺，與中國共產黨和各界人士一道投入到反內戰、保和平的民主斗爭中。1948年4月30日，中國共產黨發布紀念五一勞動節口號，號召“各民主黨派，各人民團體、各社會賢達，迅速召開政治協商會議，討論并實現召集人民代表大會，成立民主聯合政府”。這立即獲得包括民建在內的各民主黨派、各人民團體、無黨派民主人士及愛國華僑的熱烈擁護和響應。從此，民建由與中共團結合作，走上了自覺選擇接受中國共產黨領導的政治道路。1949年10月1日，中華人民共和國宣布成立，民建成為致力于建設中國社會主義事業、中國共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度中的參政黨。

Minjian: A Participating Party Established in the Southwest Industrial Mansion

In the later period of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintangcontrolled areas encountered continued inflation and rocketing prices, and the national industry and commerce were under pressure from regulation, price limit, heavy taxes, and oppression and blackmail from corrupt officials. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang Government allowed the dumping of US goods, canceled the order contract, and stopped the supply of raw materials, which made the national industry and commerce in trouble and led to a difficult development. In October 1945,the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan, the Southwest Industrial Association and other groups elected Hu Juewen, Hu Xiyuan and Wu Gengmei, who were very influential in the industry at the time, as representatives of the petition group, to meet with T. V. Soong and Chiang Kai-shek and state the industrial crisis and rescue plans. However, the requests made by the representatives have still not been acceded, and the national industry and commerce were thus extremely disappointed.

In the face of the two futures and two destinies for China,based on the influence of Communist Party policies and the understanding of the situation at the time, a group of patriotic national industrialists, merchants, and related intellectuals,including Huang Yanpei, the famous democrats, educators and national industrialists, Hu Juewen, the director of the Federation of Factories Moved to Sichuan, Zhang Naiqi, the economist, etc.,launched the Democratic National Construction Association for the sake of unity, self-help and bright future (During the Enlarged Meeting of Second General Meeting of Democratic National Construction Association held in July, 1952, the Democratic National Construction Association was renamed as China Democratic National Construction Association, shortened as Minjian). On December 16, 1945, the founding meeting of the China Democratic National Construction Association was held in the Southwest Industrial Mansion. The association clearly stated the political views that the world needs peace, the country needs democracy, the economy needs development, society needs to be fair, education needs to be popularized, and culture needs to be prosperous.

As a new political party appearing on the Chinese political stage, China Democratic National Construction Association joined with the Communist Party of China and people from all walks of life in the democratic struggle for peace and against civil war. On April 30th, 1948, the Communist Party of China issued a slogan in commemoration of the May 1st Labor Day, calling on “all democratic parties, various people’s organizations, and various social elites should quickly convene a political consultation meeting, discuss and realize the convening of the People’s Congress and establish a democracy coalition government”. This immediately received enthusiastic support and response from various democratic parties, various people’s organizations, nonpartisan democrats and patriotic overseas Chinese, including China Democratic National Construction Association. Since then,China Democratic National Construction Association has united and cooperated with the Communist Party of China and embarked on a political path of consciously accepting the leadership of the Communist Party of China. On October 1st, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was announced to be established. China Democratic National Construction Association has thus become a participating party in the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China so as to commit itself to the socialist cause in China.

復建西南實業大廈成歷史見證

“讓歷史建筑復活，讓文化傳承下去”。2015年底按原貌重新復建的西南實業大廈，成為愛國主義教育基地—中國民主建國會成立舊址陳列館。據統計，自2016年5月19日開館至今年9月底，已有40756名全國各地民建會員及游客參觀瞻仰，重新煥發出昔日的光彩。

今天矗立在白象街歷史文化街區的西南實業大廈，成為民建與中共親密合作的永久性歷史見證，成為全國18萬民建會員緬懷民建先輩、守望民建歷史、弘揚民建精神的重要載體。

2018年6月6日，民建浙江省委全省機關干部暨宣傳骨干重慶社會主義學院培訓班80人參觀民建舊址陳列館。

Reconstruction Southwest Industrial Mansion Becomes the Testimony of History

“Let the historical building be revitalized and let the culture pass on.” At the end of 2015, the Southwest Industrial Mansion,which was rebuilt as it was, became a patriotic education base– the exhibition hall at the former site of the China Democratic National Construction Association. According to statistics, since the opening of the exhibition hall on May 19, 2016 to the end of September this year, 40,756 members of China Democratic National Construction Association and tourists from all over the country have visited it and brought the glory of the past to it again.

Today, the Southwest Industrial Mansion, which stands in the historical and cultural district of Baixiang Street, has become a permanent historical testimony of the close cooperation between the China Democratic National Construction Association and the Communist Party of China. It has become an important carrier for its 180,000 members across the country to commemorate the predecessors of the Association, keep watch the history of the Association, and promote the spirit of the Association.