談談with/without引導的獨立主格結構

馬沁園

摘 要：英語中分詞短語作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應該是句子的主語。但有時分詞短語帶有自己的主語。（它們之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關系），這個邏輯上的主語一般是由名詞擔任，在分詞短語之前，我們稱之為獨立主格。其中with/without引導的獨立主格結構很富有表現力，在句子中作狀語，表示伴隨、方式、原因、結果等。

關鍵詞：獨立主格；從句

獨立主格在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、原因、條件和方式、伴隨。今天是星期天，你不必去上學。

1.原因從句：

Because it is Sunday，you neednt go to school.

It being Sunday， you neednt go to school.（√）

分詞，邏輯上的主語。

（It being Sunday構成獨立主格結構在句子中作原因狀語。）

Being Sunday，you needn't go to school. （×）

（因分詞的邏輯主語不是句子的主語，所以句子錯誤。）

官員們都到齊了，宣布開會。

分詞表示：

All the officials having arrived， the meeting was declared open.

“the officials”為分詞邏輯上的主語。

2.時間狀語從句：

After （when） all the officials had arrived，the meeting was declared open.

天氣允許的話，我們去頤和園。

分詞表示：

Weather permitting， well go to the Summer Palace.

“Weather”為分詞“permitting”邏輯上的主語。

3.條件狀語從句：

If weather permits， well go to the Summer Palace.

All the work done， you can have a rest.

“the work”為分詞邏輯上的主語。

=All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都完成了，你們可以休息了。

現著重將with/without引導的獨立主格結構作一概括。它不是句子而是短語，其結構為：with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語/形容詞/副詞+名詞/非謂語動詞。

1.with+名詞（代詞）+介詞短語：

He sat there thinking，with his chin on his hand.

他手托下巴，坐在那兒沉思。

The old man stood there，with his back against the wall.

那位老人背倚著墻站在那里。

Mary was sitting near the fire，with her back towards the door.

瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。

2.with+名詞（代詞）+形容詞：

He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open.

他張大嘴巴凝視著他的朋友。

The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery.

這人抬起頭來，眼里充滿了好奇。

He stood there trembling，with his face red with cold.

他站在那兒瑟瑟發抖，臉都凍紅了。

3.with+名詞（代詞）+副詞：

With production up by 60%，the company has had another excellent year.

產量上升了60%， 公司又是一個好年景。

The stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on.

這位愚蠢的皇帝一絲不掛地行進在游行隊伍中。

The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down.

這個淘氣的男孩低著頭站在老師面前。

He put on his socks with the wrong side out.

他把襪子穿反了。

4.with+名詞（代詞）+名詞：

She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion.

她從前總愛在晚上坐著看書，她的寵物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。

He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl.

他去世的時候，女兒還是個中學生。

5.with+名詞（代詞）+現在分詞：

She stood there chatting with her friend，with her child playing beside her.

她站在那兒跟朋友閑聊，孩子在旁邊玩。

With you helping me whenever Im in trouble， I feel very obliged to you.

無論我什么時候遇到困難你總是幫助我，真是太感激你了。

6.with+名詞（代詞）+過去分詞：

“I think we can leave with our heads held high，”Eriksson said.“We came out of the toughest group，beat Argentina，beat Denmark in a convincing way.”

“我認為我們可以高昂著頭離開，”艾里克松說。“我們來自死亡之組，以一種令人信服的方式擊敗了阿根廷，擊敗了丹麥。”

The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bare.

這位守門員離開了日本，而他的缺點卻暴露無遺。

7.with+名詞（代詞）+不定式：

With 10 minutes to go，youd better hurry.

還有十分鐘，你最好快一點。

With you to lead us，our group is sure to succeed.

有你領導我們，我們組肯定能成功。

參考文獻

[1]A History of Grammar[M].Nanjing Peoples Press，1983.

[2]English Chinese Translation Text books in China[M].Shanghai：Shanghai Foreign Language Educational Press，2005.