滄海云帆 標準領航
——中國古代造船業的標準化發展軌跡

文/五花肉

中華文明沿河而起。作為曾經最具戰略意義的交通工具和運輸工具，船舶的發展與人類社會的進程緊密相連。中國是世界著名的造船古國，造船技術曾長期處于世界領先地位，尤以秦漢、唐宋和明清三個時代最具代表性。

Chinese civilization developed along rivers. Ship was the most strategic transportation vehicle in the past and and its development was closely connected with the progress of human society. Ancient China was well known for leading shipbuilding technique, especially in three periods, which are Qin and Han dynasties, Tang and Song dynasties, and Ming and Qing dynasties.

秦漢初具體系

Initial Step in Qin and Han Dynasties

自新石器時代起，我國就產生了竹筏、獨木舟等原始船舶，直至秦漢時期，造船工藝才初具體系、漸趨成熟，樓船就是典型的代表作。

As early as in the Neolithic Age, Chinese people began to make canoes and rafts. During the Qin and Han dynasties, China's shipbuilding technique took initial shape and came into maturity. Castle ship was the typical of that time.

樓船是當時的作戰用船，因船上建有重樓而得名。樓船方首無帆，兩側設劃槳，每層標配防御矮墻，設置發射弓弩的窗孔，使用舵和槳掌控前進的方向和速度，此舉被視為造船史上的重大突破，代表了當時造船技術的最高標準。

Castle ship was the war ship, named for its structure,a ship with deck castle. Without a sail, castle ship had paddles on the both sides, each deck was equipped with bulwarks for defense. It also set up portholes for crossbows, and depended on rudder and paddle to control the direction and speed. The invention of castle ship was regarded as the breakthrough in the history of shipbuilding, was also the symbol for the advanced shipbuilding technique at that time.

唐宋高速發展

Rapid Development in Tang and Song Dynasties

唐宋時期經濟繁榮、海上貿易頻繁，造船業涌現出大批先進的新工藝。其中，水密隔艙技術被公認為當時最偉大的發明。

The prosperous economy and frequent sea trade during Tang and Song dynasties resulted in a large number of new advanced shipbuilding techniques emerging,among which watertight compartment structure was the greatest human invention.

水密隔艙是指用水密隔板把船艙分成互不相通的獨立艙區，即使部分船體破損也不會波及其他艙區，大大增強了整艘船的抗沉性和穩定性。這一技術逐漸成為造船的統一標準，被廣泛推廣應用，助力中國船只挺進遠洋，探索更多的未知世界。

Watertight compartment structure was a technique that split the cabin into compartments to protect vital machinery from flooding in the event of minor leaks, greatly improving the ships' unsinkability and stability. This technique gradually became the unif i ed standard in shipbuilding industry and was widely applied, which helped Chinese ships sail to the ocean and explore the more of the unknown world.

明清開啟輝煌

Great Achievements in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明朝鄭和下西洋，標志著我國進入了航海史上前所未有的輝煌階段。鄭和船隊使用的船只被稱為寶船。

Zheng He's voyages in Ming dynasty marked that China stepped into the unprecedented splendid phase in the history of marine navigation. The ship Zheng He used for his epic voyage is named treasure ship.

據《明史》和《瀛涯勝覽》記載，寶船的尺度、規格、結構等均有嚴格的型式規范和統一的工藝標準，可容納1 000人，掛9桅12帆，是當時世界上最大最先進的船只，最遠抵達東非、紅海一帶，締造了中華民族的航海傳奇。

According to the records in Ming History and Wonders Overseas, the size, scale and distribution of treasure ship followed the strict specification and unified technical standards. Treasure ship could contain 1 000 people, hang 9 masts and 12 sails, was the largest and the most advanced ship in the world at that time, which made Zheng He's voyages to the East Africa and the Red Sea become possible and created the Chinese nation's maritime legend.

結 語

Conclusion

“長風破浪會有時，直掛云帆濟滄?！?，縱觀中國造船產業的歷史，從無到有，從工藝到制作，凝聚著勞動人民的不凡智慧，彰顯著標準對技術進步的有力支撐，更承載著人類對美好彼岸的夢想與追尋。

"A time will come to ride the wind and cleave the waves to cross the sea, I will set my cloud-white sail and cross the sea which raves." Throughout the history,from nothing to the scale, from craft to manufacture,the development of Chinese shipbuilding industry is the embodiment of human wisdom. It reveals the supporting role of standards in facilitating technical progress and carries the mankind's dream and pursuit of getting to the beautiful other shore of the ocean.