山東農(nóng)業(yè)，搭上科技快車

文／肖寒

○2017年8月，山東青島海水稻研發(fā)中心試驗(yàn)基地首批耐鹽堿水稻試種品種揚(yáng)花吐穗。圖／視覺中國(guó)In August 2017, the panicle emergence of the first batch of trial varieties of saline-alkaline tolerant rice developed by the Experimental Base of Qingdao Sea Rice R&D Center.

進(jìn)入5月后，青島海水稻研究發(fā)展中心試驗(yàn)基地內(nèi)，176份海水稻長(zhǎng)勢(shì)良好，陸續(xù)進(jìn)入乳熟期。這一優(yōu)良水稻，今年將首次在全國(guó)五大典型鹽堿地試種。

“海水稻如果擴(kuò)大到1億畝，可以多養(yǎng)活8000萬人口?！比ツ?月，在世界“雜交水稻之父”袁隆平院士團(tuán)隊(duì)努力下，青島海水稻迎來收獲。近日，這一技術(shù)成功從山東走向海外，首站“落地”迪拜。

當(dāng)海水變成良田，山東農(nóng)業(yè)也插著科技的翅膀越飛越遠(yuǎn)。

當(dāng)種子插上科技翅膀

土豆收獲在即，看著地里綠油油的土豆秧，滕州市龍陽鎮(zhèn)侯莊村農(nóng)民張輝臉上樂開了花：“‘希森6號(hào)’長(zhǎng)勢(shì)好，估計(jì)畝產(chǎn)六七噸，其他品種遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到這個(gè)產(chǎn)量。”

因創(chuàng)造了畝產(chǎn)超9噸的薯界奇跡，這一歷經(jīng)11年選育出的馬鈴薯新品種，如今正沿著“一帶一路”輻射帶動(dòng)更多國(guó)家參與提升馬鈴薯產(chǎn)業(yè)，受到37個(gè)國(guó)家駐華農(nóng)業(yè)參贊點(diǎn)贊。

20年來，山東財(cái)政累計(jì)投入近20億元支持良種工程持續(xù)推進(jìn)，農(nóng)業(yè)良種工程成了山東農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新建設(shè)的一道靚麗風(fēng)景線。

“濟(jì)麥22”連續(xù)7年成為全國(guó)種植面積最大的小麥品種；“登海玉米”系列先后7次創(chuàng)造中國(guó)玉米高產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄，累計(jì)增產(chǎn)1200多億公斤；花生單粒精播技術(shù)刷新了中國(guó)花生實(shí)收單產(chǎn)紀(jì)錄，22個(gè)國(guó)內(nèi)花生品種在印尼試種；設(shè)施蔬菜良種方面，僅壽光市一年種苗繁育就達(dá)14億株，蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)產(chǎn)值超200億元……

農(nóng)業(yè)良種工程實(shí)施以來，山東共收集、引進(jìn)、保存各類生物種質(zhì)3.5萬余份，育成新品種2348個(gè)。全省主要農(nóng)作物實(shí)現(xiàn)3-4次品種換代，良種對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)增產(chǎn)貢獻(xiàn)率達(dá)48%。

農(nóng)業(yè)園區(qū)里的科技經(jīng)

作為食用菌界的翹楚，玉木耳一誕生就成業(yè)界焦點(diǎn)?！盁o論是口感、營(yíng)養(yǎng)含量，還是經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，都好于黑木耳，市場(chǎng)前景廣闊?！敝袊?guó)工程院院士、山東省科創(chuàng)食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)研究院名譽(yù)院長(zhǎng)李玉說，玉木耳一個(gè)大棚年收益8萬-12萬元，比普通黑木耳至少增收50%。

作為全國(guó)唯一一家以食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)為特色的國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)，鄒城國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)與多家高校院所合作，通過設(shè)立專業(yè)型食用菌科技企業(yè)孵化器、科創(chuàng)食用菌產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)研究院，讓小蘑菇發(fā)展成了大產(chǎn)業(yè)，享譽(yù)全國(guó)。目前，鄒城食用菌工廠化企業(yè)和經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織達(dá)50余家，產(chǎn)品涵蓋金針菇、雙孢菇、山茶茸、玉木耳等20多個(gè)名優(yōu)品種，年產(chǎn)值達(dá)50多億元。

“目前，科技部正在全國(guó)推進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)體系建設(shè)，山東已先行一步?！鄙綎|省科技廳廳長(zhǎng)劉為民說。山東初步形成了四級(jí)聯(lián)動(dòng)、梯次發(fā)展的農(nóng)業(yè)科技園區(qū)體系，創(chuàng)建了“云農(nóng)業(yè)科技園”這一“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)+”基礎(chǔ)上的農(nóng)業(yè)科技綜合服務(wù)平臺(tái)，實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新服務(wù)全省覆蓋、無縫銜接，形成又一個(gè)有全國(guó)影響的農(nóng)業(yè)科技工程。

○通過技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，小蘑菇發(fā)展成了大產(chǎn)業(yè)。圖／張仁玉With the help of industrial technology, small mushrooms have developed into a big industry.

○將高技術(shù)嫁接到農(nóng)業(yè)上，正改變著田間地頭的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式。圖／何延海The application of high technology to agriculture is changing the traditional mode of agricultural production.

高技術(shù)開拓新“日?！?/h2>

“在低溫海水中生長(zhǎng)的海帶幼苗對(duì)日光敏感，光照強(qiáng)度成為決定其育苗產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵影響因素之一?！倍嗄陙?，山東威海長(zhǎng)青海洋科技公司技術(shù)員老吳沿用著傳統(tǒng)的光強(qiáng)監(jiān)測(cè)方式。在使用了海帶育苗物聯(lián)網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)解決方案之后，老吳只需打開電腦或手機(jī)，即可掌握育苗車間內(nèi)每日光照強(qiáng)度的實(shí)時(shí)變化情況。

受益的何止是老吳？裝上一個(gè)小小的傳感器，大棚里的蔬菜就會(huì)說話了，濕度低了，溫度高了，缺氮、磷、鉀了；無論你身在何處，點(diǎn)擊鼠標(biāo)或者手機(jī)，千里之外的大棚就能自動(dòng)給瓜果蔬菜澆水、施肥；刷一下二維碼，蔬菜水果從大棚到餐桌的“前世今生”全知道……這在山東德州龍騰蔬菜種植合作社里，已成為日常。

將高技術(shù)嫁接到農(nóng)業(yè)上，正改變著田間地頭的傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)方式，也讓老百姓能夠享受到更安全的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品。山東農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新工程實(shí)施兩年來，山東省農(nóng)科院獲得省級(jí)以上獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)38項(xiàng)，有27個(gè)新品種和38項(xiàng)技術(shù)被列入國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)部和山東省主推技術(shù)，為山東農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)提質(zhì)增效和農(nóng)民持續(xù)增收提供了有力的科技支撐。

編輯／欒小惠

On the testing ground of Qingdao Sea-rice Research and Development Center, the 176 fl ourishing sea-rice plants are entering the milk-ripe stage in May. The quality rice will be planted experimentally for the fi rst time in the fi ve typical salinealkali areas in our country.

“If the sea-rice planting area could be expanded to 100 million mu,another 80 million people could be well fed.” With the effort of Yuan Longping,known as “father of hybrid rice”, and his team, Qingdao sea-rice reaped a good harvest last September. Several days ago, this technology succeeded in spreading out of Shandong to other countries, with Dubai as its fi rst stop.

When sea becomes land, Shandong agriculture, like a bird, will fl y farther and farther on the wings of technology.

When Seeds Fly on the Wings of Technology

With harvest at hand, Zhang Hui, a farmer in Houzhuang Village,Longyang Town, Tengzhou City, said happily while looking at the potato plants: “‘Xisen 6’ grows very well. Its yield is estimated to be 6-7 ton per mu,which is an unattainable goal for other breeds.”

For its high yield of 9 tons per mu, the new type of potato, which was developed after eleven years of experiments, has created a miracle in the world of potatoes, and is now going along the “One Belt and One Road” to help many other countries to participate in industrial potato improvement, something which has been applauded by 37 agricultural ambassadors to China.

For 20 years, Shandong finance has invested about 2 billion yuan into order to help push forward the finebreed engineering, which has become a distinctive characteristic of Shandong agriculture technology innovation construction.

“Jimai 22” has been the wheat variety with the largest planting area in China for 7 years on end. “Denghai Corn” series set the high-yield-corn record for China 7 times in succession,with a cumulative yield increase of more than 120 billion kilograms. The single-seed precision sowing technology of peanuts broke the actual-yieldper-unit record of China, and now 22 domestic peanut varieties are being planted experimentally in Indonesia.In the cultivation of greenhouse vegetables, up to 1.4 billion seedlings can be cultivated a year in Shouguang alone and the production value of vegetable industry is over 20 billion yuan.

Ever since the implementation of fine-breed engineering, more than 35,000 germplasms of various organisms have been collected,introduced and preserved in Shandong and 2 348 new varieties have been successively bred. The main crops in Shandong have been upgraded three or four times and the contribution rate of fine breeds to the growth of agricultural production amounts to as high as 48%.

Science and Technology in the Agricultural Park

A s o n e o f t h e b e s t e d i b l e mushrooms, jade fungus has been the focus of the industry ever since its birth. “Jade fungus has a good market prospect, for it is better than black fungus in taste, nutrition, and economic benefits,” said Li Yu, an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering and the honorary president of Shandong Kechuang Edible Mushroom Industry Technology Institute. The annual earnings of jade fungus in one greenhouse can be 80,000 to 120,000 yuan, 50% higher than that of ordinary black fungus.

As the only national edible mushroom-featured agricultural scitech park in China, Zoucheng National Agricultural Sci-Tech Park cooperates with many colleges and universities,and has turned the small mushrooms into a big industry that enjoys great popularity all over China by setting up the professional incubator for edible mushroom sci-tech enterprises and establishing Kechuang Edible Mushroom Industry Technology Institute. At present, in Zhoucheng there are over 50 industrialized edible mushroom enterprises and economic cooperation organizations, with over 20 famous high-quality varieties, including needle mushrooms, agaricus bisporus,chopped camellia and jade fungus, with an annual output value of 5 billion yuan.

“The Ministry of Science and Technology is presently promoting the construction of agricultural scitech park systems. Shandong has taken the first step in this aspect,” said Liu Weimin, head of the Department of Science and Technology. Shandong has developed a preliminary agricultural sci-tech park system of four-level linkage and echelon development and established a comprehensive agricultural technology service platform based on the “Internet Plus” of “cloud agricultural sci-tech park” to achieve an agricultural scie-tech innovation service system with provincial coverage and seamless connection and to develop another agricultural science and technology project with nationwide inf l uence.

High-Tech Opens up New “Routines”

“Because the seedlings of kelp growing in cold sea water are very sensitive to sunlight, the intensity of sunlight becomes one of the key influencing factors for the yield and quality of kelp.” For many years, Mr.Wu, a technician in Weihai Changqing Marine Technology Company, has kept using the traditional way to monitor the intensity of sunlight. However,with the application of an IOT kelp seedling growing solution system, all that Mr. Wu needs to do now is simply to turn on a computer or a smart phone to monitor the real-time daily change of sunlight intensity inside the workshop.

Mr. Wu is not the only person who benef i ts from it. With the installation of a small sensor, the vegetables in the greenhouse can “tell” you whether the humidity and temperature are high or low, and whether there is a lack of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. No matter where you are,just click the mouse or your smart phone, and the fruit and vegetables inside the far-away greenhouse will be watered and fertilized automatically.Just scan the QR codes, and you get “the past and present” of all those fruits and vegetables from the greenhouse to your dining-table. All these procedures have become the routine in Dezhou Longteng Vegetable Farming Cooperative in Shandong province.

The application of high technology to agriculture is changing the traditional mode of agricultural production and offering people safer agricultural products. For two years since the implementation of the Shandong agriculture science and technology innovation project,Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences has won 38 awards above provincial level, and 27 new varieties and 38 technologies have been listed as the recommended cultivation technology of the National Agricultural Department and Shandong Province,providing a strong technical support for the improvement in quality and eff i ciency of Shandong agriculture and for the continual increase in farmers’income.